Also known as:

• Work Study
• Business Analysis
• O & M (Organisation & Methods)
• Time & Motion
• BPR (Business Process Re-engineering)

Aim

• To analyse the business with a view to improving productivity and efficiency
• To provide data to enable management to control labour requirements

How is this achieved

• Understand how the work is undertaken
• Quantify the workload using a Measurement Technique

Measurement techniques

• Estimation
• Time Study (Stop-watch / Lap Timer / Electronic Measurement Board /PMTS*)
• Statistical Sampling

  PMTS* (Pre-determined Motion Time System) e.g. CWD (Commercial Work Data), MTM (Methods Time Measurement).

CWD used for warehousing, clerical, manufacturing, & retail tasks.
MTM used for fine work incorporating finger motions (e.g. textile Industry)

Why CWD

• Consistent
• Easier to understand & explain data
• Quick & easy to update method changes
• Tried & tested for accuracy
• Widely used technique

What does Industrial Engineering mean

• Analyse working methods by flow charting present & proposed methods
• Measure the work to quantify the time for each task
• Highlight method improvements
• Implement Method changes to improve working practices and reduce costs
• Provide a tool for management to easily quantify labour requirements
• Update task times to reflect method changes and improvements
• Provide data for cost justification where investment recommended

Productivity and Performance Jargon

Productivity
The "Global" term for Improved or worsened efficiency. One of the factors in productivity could be performance. Other factors could also affect productivity. E.g. Investment in new equipment.

Performance
The rate of working around "100 BSI". May relate to individual, group or whole company.

100 Performance = walking at 4 MPH. The common range of performance is between 60 & 110. 100 Performance is rarely achieved over an 8 hour day, but has been attained where staff are working under "piecework" or "Financial Incentive Schemes". Another way to improve performance is by giving staff personal targets, or by "job & finish" (i.e. A target time is set for work to be achieved by staff, irrespective of hours worked).

The build up of a time (in CWD)

Apply a code to each part of a task (a code is a pre-measured time for part of a task, and used from a "bible" of "times"), apply a factor & frequency to each part of a task. (factors & frequencies are used to quantify how many times a part of a task occurs in an output). An Output could be a title, a line, an ite or an occasion.

The Code x Factor x Frequency = Basic Time

Allowances are added to the Basic Minute. These include:

• Occasional Allowance
• Relaxation Allowance

Occasional Allowance

An additional % of time to allow for extra tasks not deemed to be worth measuring. (E.g. resolving queries, obtaining requisites etc.)
We will use 5%, the Industry Standard.

Relaxation Allowance

An additional % of time to allow for Tea Breaks and Recovery time from fatigue.
We will use the Industry Standard of 12%.