| FIX PROBLEM | ENGLISH SOUND | - | COMMON ERROR | - | PRACTICE MATERIALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relax the mouth and keep sound short. | /ɪ/ | "sit" | /i:/ | "seat" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 15-16 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 2 Minimal Pairs /ɪ/ or / i: / practice "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 9 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 6 |
| Keep mouth round (but lax) and tongue back. | /ɒ/ | "not" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 24; "Ship or Sheep" Unit 8; "Ship or Sheep" Unit 9; "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 3; "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 7; "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 12; |
||
| Weak endings: e.g. "London" "England" | /ə/ | "the" (schwa) | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 32-33 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 13 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 31 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 1 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 12 |
||
| Fix tongue in central position. Long. | /ɜ:/ | "bird" | /ɔ:/ | "bored" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 31 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 12 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 45 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 4 |
| Tongue more central. Lips relaxed. | /ʌ/ | "cut" | /ɑ:/ | "cart" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 5 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 4 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 37 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 2 |
| Voiced. Use less air. | /b/ | "bit" | /p/ | "pit" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. p50 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 25 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 10 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 1 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 7 |
| Voiced stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /ŋ/ + /g/ | "thing" | /ŋ/ + /k/ | "think" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 55 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 29 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 4 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 6 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 7 |
| Voiced. Use less air. | /g/ | "gone" | /k/ | "con" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 55 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 29 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 4 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 6 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 7 |
| Voiced: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction. | /z/ | "seas" | /s/ or /ʤ/ | "cease or siege" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 65 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 66 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 31 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 12 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 3 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 15 |
| Voiceless: tip of tongue behind top teeth. More friction & air. | /s/ | "sin" | "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 12; "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 3; "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 2; "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 1; "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 14; |
||
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /θ/ | "thin" | /t/ | "tin" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 61 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 41 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 13 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 3 |
| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /ð/ | "they" | /d/ | "day" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 42 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 22 |
| Voiced: Front of tongue to palate. Friction. | /ʒ/ | "confusion" | /ʃ/ | "Confucian" | "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 9 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 69 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 33 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 17 |
| Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʤ/ | "gin" | /ʧ/ | "chin" | "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 14 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 57 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 35 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 19 |
| Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. | /v/ | "van" | /b/ | "ban" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 37 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 12 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 9 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 11 |
EXTERNAL LINKS: Finnish pronunciations of English and Finglish
Finglish language