| FIX PROBLEM | ENGLISH SOUND | - | COMMON ERROR | - | PRACTICE MATERIALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unvoiced. Use more air. Trap it with lips. | /p/ | "pit" | /b/ | "bit" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. p50 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 25 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 10 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 1 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 7 |
| Keep tongue front & low and jaws apart. | /æ/ | "cat" | /ɑ:/ | "cart" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 6 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 6 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 3 |
| Keep mouth open and tongue low central. | /ɑ:/ | "part" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 22 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 26 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 40 |
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| Mouth more open. Make sound longer. | /ɑ:/ | "part" | /ɒ/ | "pot" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 26 |
| Keep mouth round and tongue back. | /ɒ/ | "not" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 24; "Ship or Sheep" Unit 8; "Ship or Sheep" Unit 9; "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 3; "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 7; "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 12; |
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| Back of tongue high. Lips tightly rounded. Long. | /u:/ | "fool" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 30 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 11 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 8 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 13 "How Now Brown Cow" |
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| Tongue low central. Lips relaxed. | /ʌ/ | "cup" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 25 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 26 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 5 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 6 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 3 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 4 |
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| Fix tongue in central position. Long. | /ɜ:/ | "bird" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 31 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 12 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 45 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 4 |
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| Weak endings: e.g. "London" "England" | /ə/ | "the" (schwa) | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 32-33 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 13 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 31 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 1 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 12 |
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| Tongue central. Then tightly round lips. | /əʊ/ | "note" | /ɒ/ | "not" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 40 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 47 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 5 |
Tongue high and front. Move to centre. | /ɪə/ | "beer" | /eə/ | "bear" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 46 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 22 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 23 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 10 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 5 |
| Tongue from centre front. Draw back to centre. | /eə/ | "bear" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 47 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 10 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 50 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 5 |
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| Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround. | /ʊə/ | "tour" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 48 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 10 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 5 |
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| Relax the mouth and keep sound short. | /ɪ/ | "sit" | /i:/ | "seat" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 15-16 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 2 Minimal Pairs /ɪ/ or / i: / practice "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 9 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 6 |
| Tongue low front. Then round & unround lips. | /aʊə/=/aʊ/+/ə/ | "flour" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 45 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 50 |
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| Quickly push air from throat out of mouth. | /h/ | "hot" | "ch" in "loch" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 78 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 40 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 1 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 23 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" |
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| Tip of tongue behind top teeth. | /t/ | "tie" | /d/ | "die" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 52 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 26 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 27 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 5 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 3 |
| Voiceless: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction. | /s/ | "mass" | /ʃ/ | "mash" | "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 14 |
| Voiceless. Friction. Front of tongue to palate. | /ʃ/ | "push" | /s/ | "puss" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 32 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 8 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 8 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 9 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 16 |
| Voiced: Front of tongue to palate. Friction. | "beige" | 129 | "bays" /z/ | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 69 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 33 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 17 |
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| Unvoiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʧ/ | "which" | /t/+/s/ | "wits" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 35 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 9 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 11 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 18 |
| Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʤ/ | "wage" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 57 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 35 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 19 |
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| Voiceless stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /k/ | "come" | /g/ | "gum" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 28 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 29 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 4 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 5 |
| Voiced stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /g/ | "regal" | /j/ | "real" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 55 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 29 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 4 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 6 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 7 |
| Back of tongue to back roof. Nasal. | /ŋ/ + /k/ | "think" | /ŋ/ + /g/ | "thin" + k or g | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 72 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 45 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 18 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 6 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 12 |
| British "r" is weaker & usually silent unless followed by a vowel. |
silent | "survivor" | /r/ | "Sir Ivor" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 49 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 3 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 27 |
| Glide /j/(i:) the tongue quickly to next sound | /j/ | "yam" | /ʤ/ | "jam" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 79 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 39 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 14 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 10 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 1 |
| Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround & glide. | /w/ | "win" | "(g)win" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 38 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 10 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 11 |
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| Tongue low front to high front to centre. | /aɪə/=/aɪ/+/ə/ | "fire" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 45 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 50 |
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