| FIX PROBLEM | ENGLISH SOUND | - | COMMON ERROR | - | PRACTICE MATERIALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tongue touches hard palate. | /l/ | "light" (clear) | /r/ | "right" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 48 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 17 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 26 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 10 |
| Contact. Brief "schwa" after release. | /ɫ/ | "tall" (dark l) | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 47 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 7 |
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| Back of tongue to back roof. Nasal. | /ŋ/ + /k/ | "think" | /ŋ/ + /g/ | "thin" + k or g | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 72 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 45 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 18 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 6 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 12 |
| Voiced stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /ŋ/ + /g/ | "thing" | /ŋ/ + /k/ | "think" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 55 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 29 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 4 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 6 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 7 |
| Voiced: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction. | /z/ | "rise" | /s/ | "rice" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 65 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 66 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 31 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 12 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 3 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 15 |
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /θ/ | "thin" | /s/ | "sin" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 41 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 5 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 21 |
| Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. | /v/ | "vet" | /w/ | "wet" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 81 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 38 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 4 |
| Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. | /v/ | "vet" | /b/ | "bet" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 37 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 91 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 9 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 11 |
| Tongue central. Then tightly round lips. | /əʊ/ | "bone" | /ɔ:/ | "born" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 42 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 44 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 15 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 47 |
| Tongue central. Then tightly round lips. | /əʊ/ | "note" | /ɒ/ | "not" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 40 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 47 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 5 |
| Weak endings: e.g. "London" "England" | /ə/ | "the" (schwa) | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 32-33 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 13 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 31 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 1 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 12 |
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| Fix tongue in central position. Long. | /ɜ:/ | "bird" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 31 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 12 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 45 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 4 |
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| Tongue low, back & fixed. Jaws together. | /ɔ:/ | "bought" | /əʊ/ | "boat" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 20 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 12 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 15 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 |
| Tongue low & back. Jaws together. Long. | /ɔ:/ | "nought" | /ɒ/ | "not" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 28 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 9 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 15 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 41 |
| Keep mouth round and tongue back. | /ɒ/ | "not" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 24; "Ship or Sheep" Unit 8; "Ship or Sheep" Unit 9; "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 3; "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 7; "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 12; |
EXTERNAL LINKS: Non-native pronunciations of English: Korean L1
Konglis