| FIX PROBLEM | ENGLISH SOUND | - | COMMON ERROR | - | PRACTICE MATERIALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tongue high and front. Move to centre. | /ɪə/ | "beer" | /eə/ | "bear" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 46 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 22 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 23 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 10 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 5 |
| Move tongue to a lower front position. | /æ/ | "man" | /e/ | "men" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 18-19 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 4 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 12 "How Now Brown Cow" |
| Mouth more open and tongue to low central. | /ɑ:/ | "part" | /e/ | "pet" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 22 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 40 |
| Tongue back a little & mouth open. | /ɑ:/ | "cart" | /æ/ | "cat" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 6 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 6 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 3 |
| Keep mouth round and tongue back. | /ɒ/ | "not" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 24; "Ship or Sheep" Unit 8; "Ship or Sheep" Unit 9; "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 3; "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 7; "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 12; |
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| Tongue low & back. Jaws together. Long. | /ɔ:/ | "nought" | /ɒ/ | "not" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 28 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 9 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 15 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 41 |
| Back of tongue high. Lips rounded but relaxed. Short. | /ʊ/ | "full" | /u:/ | "fool" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 29 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 10 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 11 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 3 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 8 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 13 |
| Tongue low central. Lips relaxed. | /ʌ/ | "cup" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 25 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 26 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 5 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 6 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 3 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 4 |
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| Fix tongue in central position. Long. | /ɜ:/ | "bird" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 31 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 12 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 45 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 4 |
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| Weak endings: e.g. "London" "England" | /ə/ | "the" (schwa) | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 32-33 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 13 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 31 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 1 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 12 |
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| Tongue moves from front centre to front high. | /eɪ/ | "late" | /e/ | "let" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 34 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 38 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 15 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 8 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 9 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 1 |
| Relax the mouth and keep sound short. | /ɪ/ | "sit" | /i:/ | "seat" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 15-16 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 2 Minimal Pairs /ɪ/ or / i: / practice "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 9 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 6 |
Tongue central. Then tightly round lips. | /əʊ/ | "bone" | /ɔ:/ | "born" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 42 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 44 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 15 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 47 |
| Quickly push air from throat out of mouth. | /h/ | "hot" | "ch" in "loch" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 78 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 40 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 1 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 23 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" |
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| Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround. | /ʊə/ | "tour" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 48 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 10 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 5 |
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| Voiced. Vibration. Trap air with lips. | /b/ | "bet" | /v/ | "vet" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 37 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 9 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 2 |
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /θ/ | "thin" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 61 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 41 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 13 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 3 |
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| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between lips. | /ð/ | "clothe" | /θ/ | "cloth" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 63 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 66 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 42 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 13 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 |
| Voiced: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction. | /z/ | "rise" | /s/ | "rice" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 65 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 66 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 31 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 12 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 3 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 15 |
| Unvoiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʧ/ | "cherry" | /ʃ/ | "sherry" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 56 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 34 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 13 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 8 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 9 |
| Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʤ/ | "age" | /ʃ/ | "Asia" | "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 14 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 35 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 19 |
| Back of tongue to back roof. Nasal. | /ŋ/ + /k/ | "think" | /ŋ/ + /g/ | "thin" + k or g | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 72 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 45 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 18 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 6 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 12 |
| British "r" is weaker & usually silent unless followed by a vowel. | silent | "survivor" | /r/ | "Sir Ivor" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 49 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 3 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 27 |
| Glide /j/(i:) the tongue quickly to next sound | /j/ | "yam" | /ʤ/ | "jam" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 79 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 39 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 14 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 10 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 1 |
| Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround & glide. | /w/ | "wet" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 80 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 38 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 16 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 6 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 5 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 10 |
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| Tongue central. Then tightly round lips. | /əʊ/ | "note" | /ɒ/ | "not" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 40 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 47 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 5 |
EXTERNAL LINKS: Non-native pronunciations of English: Portuguese L1
Portinglês