| FIX PROBLEM | ENGLISH SOUND | - | COMMON ERROR | - | PRACTICE MATERIALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless. Friction. Front of tongue to palate. | /ʃ/ | "sherry" | /ʧ/ | "cherry" | "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 13 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 34 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 9 |
| Keep tongue front & low and jaws apart. | /æ/ | "ran" | /ʌ/ | "run" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 21 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 5 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 4 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 9 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit |
| Tongue low, back & fixed. Jaws together. | /ɔ:/ | "bought" | /əʊ/ | "boat" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 20 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 12 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 15 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 |
| Back of tongue high. Lips rounded but relaxed. Short. | /ʊ/ | "full" | /u:/ | "fool" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 29 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 10 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 11 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 3 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 8 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 13 |
| Fix tongue in central position. Long. | /ɜ:/ | "bird" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 31 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 12 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 45 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 4 |
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| Tongue central. Then tightly round lips. | /əʊ/ | "note" | /ɒ/ | "not" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 40 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 47 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 5 |
| Voiced. Vibration. Trap air with lips. | /b/ | "bet" | /v/ | "vet" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 37 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 9 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 2 |
| Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. | /v/ | "vet" | /b/ | "bet" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 37 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 91 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 9 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 11 |
| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between lips. | /ð/ | "clothe" | /θ/ | "cloth" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 63 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 66 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 42 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 13 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 |
| Tip of tongue behind top teeth. | /d/ | "laid" | /ð/ | "lathe" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 53 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 27 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 3 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 4 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 9 |
| Voiceless: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction. | /s/ | "mass" | /ʃ/ | "mash" | "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 14 |
| Relax the mouth and keep sound short. | /ɪ/ | "sit" | /i:/ | "seat" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 15-16 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 2 Minimal Pairs /ɪ/ or / i: / practice "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 9 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 6 |
| Voiceless. Friction. Front of tongue to palate. | /ʃ/ | "push" | /s/ | "puss" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 32 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 8 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 8 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 9 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 16 |
| Quickly push air from throat out of mouth. | /h/ | "hot" | "ch" in "loch" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 78 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 40 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 1 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 23 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" |
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| Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʤ/ | "wage" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 57 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 35 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 19 |
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| Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʤ/ | "Jerry" | /ʃ/ | "sherry" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 35 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 11 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 10 |
| Voiceless stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /k/ | "could" | /w/ | "would" | "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 4 |
| Voiceless stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /k/ | "come" | /g/ | "gum" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 28 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 29 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 4 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 5 |
| Voiced stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /ŋ/ + /g/ | "thing" | /ŋ/ + /k/ | "think" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 55 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 29 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 4 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 6 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 7 |
| Tongue touches alveolar ridge. Nasal. | /n/ | "sun" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 71 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 44 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 18 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 6 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 3 |
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| Back of tongue to back roof. Nasal. | /ŋ/ + /k/ | "think" | /ŋ/ + /g/ | "thin" + k or g | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 72 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 45 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 18 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 6 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 12 |
| British "r" is weaker & usually silent unless followed by a vowel. | silent | "survivor" | /r/ | "Sir Ivor" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 49 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 3 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 27 |
| Glide /j/(i:) the tongue quickly to next sound | /j/ | "yam" | /ʤ/ | "jam" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 79 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 39 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 14 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 10 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 1 |
| Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround & glide. | /w/ | "win" | "(g)win" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 38 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 10 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 11 |
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| Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround & glide. | /w/ | "will" | /b/ | "bill" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 38 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 10 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 11< |
| Voiceless: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction. | /s/ | "rice" | /z/ | "rise" | "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 12; "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 3; "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 2; "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 1; "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 14; |
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