Born:
Died: 1153
| Information to follow. | See AlsoTime Linked PeopleMini Timeline
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Born:
Died: 1232
| The sixth Earl of Cheshire, and the only son of Hugh, the fifth. Ranulf married Constance of Brittany in 1188, the widow of King Henry II's son Geoffrey who died in 1186. Ranulf not only had ownership of a very rich area of the country, but he also became related to the king of England. In 1218 he joined the Fifth Crusade, but returned in 1220. Once back in England, Ranulf's experiences of castle building abroad helped him design and begin construction of the castle at Beeston. He did not live to see it completed. |
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| | A rich Crusader from the southern France who left on crusade in October 1096 swearing an oath never to return. He kept to his oath. | See AlsoMini Timeline
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| | Married Eleanor, daughter of Edward II | | Family Tree Details | | | |
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Born:
Died: 1460
| Richard was the father of Edward IV and Richard III. He was decended from Edward III, via his fourth son Edmund of Langley, but also from the daughter of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, the second son of Edward III. See a family tree to understand this. Richard was the wealthiest land owner of his time, having inherited estates from Edmund of Langley and from his mother, he inherited the powerful estates of the Earl's of March. Ludlow Castle was used as his centre of operations. Richard married Cecily. Cecily was the daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland and Joan Beaufort (daughter of John of Gaunt) - {complicated}. Richard and Cecily had many children. Edward (IV) was the second son, but his elder brother died as an infant. Richard (III) was the fourth surviving son. | | Family Tree Details | | |  Richard (Duke of York) ( - d.1460)
+Cecily Neville
=Edward (IV, Earl of March and King of England 1461-1470, 1471-1483) (b.1442 - d.1483)
| +Elizabeth Woodville
| =Elizabeth (of York) ( - d.1503)
| | +Henry (VII, King of England 1485-1509) (b.1457 - d.1509)
| | =Arthur (Son of Henry VII) (b.1486 - d.1502)
| | = Margaret (Daughter of Henry VII) (b.1489 - d.1541)
| | =HENRY (VIII, King of England 1509-1547) (b.1491 - d.1547)
| | =Mary (Daughter of Henry VII) (b.1495 - d.1533)
| =Edward (V, King of England 1483) (b.1470 - d.1483)
| =Richard (Duke of York, Prince in the Tower) ( - d.1483)
| =Cecily (Daughter of Edward IV) (b.1469 - d.1507)
=George (Duke of Clarence) (b.1449 - d.1478)
| +Isabel Neville ( - d.1476)
| =Edward Plantagenet (Earl of Warwick) ( - d.1499)
| =Margaret (Countess of Salisbury) ( - d.1541)
=Richard (III, King of England 1483-1485) (b.1452 - d.1485)
| +Anne Neville ( - d.1485)
| =Edward (Prince of Wales, son of Richard III) (b.1473 - d.1484)
=Elizabeth (Daughter of Richard, Duke of York)
| +John de la Pole (Duke of Suffolk) ( - d.1491)
| =John de la Pole (Earl of Lincoln) ( - d.1487)
| =Edmund de la Pole (Earl of Suffolk) ( - d.1513)
| =Richard de la Pole ( - d.1525)
=Margaret (of York, sister of Edward IV) (b.1446 - )
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See AlsoTime Linked People- Sir William ap Thomas d. 1445
- Margaret (Stewart) d. 1445
- Margaret (of York, sister of Edward IV) b. 1446 d. 0
- HENRY (VI, King of England 1422-1461, 1470-1471) b. 1421 d. 1471
- Beaufort, Henry (Bishop of Winchester) d. 1447
- Woodville, Edward d. 1448
- Pole, William de la (Duke of Suffolk) d. 1450
- Beaufort, Edmund (Duke of Somerset) d. 1455
- Neville, Richard (Earl of Warwick, 'The Kingmaker') b. 1428 d. 1471
- Tudor, Edmund (Earl of Richmond) d. 1456
- Margaret (of Anjou) b. 1429 d. 1482
- Neville, Richard (Earl of Salisbury) d. 1460
- Stafford, Humphrey (Duke of Buckingham) d. 1460
- Neville, Thomas d. 1460
- Grey, John (Sir) d. 1461
- Edward (Prince of Wales) b. 1453 d. 1471
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Born:
Died: 1483
| Richard was the son of Edward IV, King of England. Richard's elder brother was called Edward who became king of England as Edward V in April of 1483 after the death of their father. Edward V was only thirteen years old when he became king and too young to rule unaided. Richard and Edward's uncle was Richard, Duke of Gloucester (the future king of England, Richard III). Gloucester stepped in to assist the two young boys and transferred them to the Tower of London for safe keeping. Unfortunately for the two boys Gloucester had his own plans of becoming king of England and mysteriously the boys disappeared supposedly murdered in the Tower. Although it has never been proven it is suspected that Gloucester had the two boys killed so he could become the king as Richard III. | | Family Tree Details | | | Richard (Duke of York, Prince in the Tower) ( - d.1483)
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See AlsoTime Linked People- Richard (III, King of England 1483-1485) b. 1452 d. 1485
- Beaufort, Edmund d. 1471
- Beaufort, John d. 1471
- Neville, George (Archbishop of York) d. 1476
- Cabot, John b. 1450 d. 0
- Tudor, Jasper (Earl of Pembroke) d. 1496
- Neville, Isabel d. 1476
- EDWARD (V, King of England 1483) b. 1470 d. 1483
- Edward (Prince of Wales, son of Richard III) b. 1473 d. 1484
- Eleanor (Stewart) d. 1480
- Joan (Stewart) d. 1480
- Neville, Anne d. 1485
- James (III, King of Scotland 1460-1488) d. 1488
- Stafford, Henry (Duke of Buckingham) d. 1483
- Cecily (Daughter of Edward IV) b. 1469 d. 1507
- Columbus, Christopher b. 1451 d. 1506
- HENRY (VII, King of England 1485-1509) b. 1457 d. 1509
- Pole, John de la (Earl of Lincoln) d. 1487
Mini Timeline
| 1472 - 1483 | Ludlow home for the two princes
| | | The young Prince of Wales and his brother lived at Ludlow Castle. | | 1478 | Jan 15 | Marriage of Richard, duke of York
| | | Richard, duke of York, married Anne Mowbray, daughter of the dke of Norfolk, at Westminster. The two were only children. Anne died in 1481 at the age of 8 or 9.
| | 1483 | Jul | Murder of Princes in the Tower
| | | At some point the yound king Edward V and his brother Richard disappeared. Whether they were murdered in the Tower of London and by whom is not known, but they were not seen of again. Later, in 1499, a man called Perkin Warbeck appeared in Ireland and claims were made that he was really Richard, one of the princes. |
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Born:
Died: 1415
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| 1415 | Aug 1 | Plot to overthrow the King
| | | Led by Richard Earl of Cambridge, Henry's cousin, a plot to assasinate the King and replace him with the Earl of March who was the true heir to the throne was hatched. The revolt brought together all the old enemies of Henry including Lord Scrope (Archbishop Scrope's nephew) and the Lollards. The Earl of March whose loyalties were with the king informed Henry of the plot the night before and the rebels were arrested. Several were executed. |
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Born: 1209
Died: 1272
| Son of King John. Becomes Earl of Cornwall. | | Family Tree Details | | | Richard (Earl of Cornwall) (b.1209 - d.1272)
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| 1242 | Oct | Earl Richard's vow
| | | During a violent storm at sea, Richard, Earl of Cornwall, vowed to build a Religious house if he survived. He did survive and as a result Hailes Abbey was built. | | 1251 | Nov 5 | Dedication of Hailes Abbey
| | | The King and Queen, with Richard, Earl of Cornwall (the King's brother) were at Hailes Abbey for its dedication ceremony. | | 1270 | Sep 14 | Relic given to Hailes Abbey
| | | A phial containing the blood of Jesus was presented to abbey of Hailes by the son of Richard, Earl of Cornwall. The phial had been guarenteed by the Patriarch of Jerusalem and had been bought from the Count of Flanders in 1267. A section of the abbey was rebuilt to hold the relic, and it was held in a purpose built shrine. A similar relic had been presented to the King, Henry III several years before in 1247. |
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| | Richard I, Count of Normandy from 942 to 996. | | Family Tree Details | | | Richard (I, Count of Normandy)
+Gunnor
=Richard (II, Duke of Normandy)
| +Judith
| =RICHARD (III, Duke of Normandy) ( - d.1027)
| =Robert (I, Duke of Normandy 1027-35) ( - d.1035)
| | +Herleva
| | =WILLIAM (I, the Conqueror, King of England 1066-1087) (b.1028 - d.1087)
| =William (Monk of Fecamp)
| =Alice (Daughter of Richard II, Duke of Normandy)
| =Eleanor (Daughter of Richard II, Duke of Normandy)
=Emma (Wife of Athelred)
+ATHELRED (II The Unready, King of the English 978-1013, 1014-1016) (b.967 - d.1016)
| =EDWARD (The Confessor, King of England 1042-1066) (b.1003 - d.1066)
| | +Edith (Daughter of Godwine)
| =Alfred (Second son of Athelred) ( - d.1036)
| =Godgifu (Daughter of Athelred)
| +Eustace (II, Count of Boulogne) ( - d.1093)
+CANUTE (King of England 1016-1035) (b.995 - d.1035)
=HARTHACNUT (King of England 1040-1042) (b.1018 - d.1042)
=Gunhildr
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| 1002 | Nov | Athelred marries Emma
| | | Athelred paid the Vikings a sum of £24,000 to try and stop further invasions. In an attempt to strengthen his position against the Vikings he married Emma, the daughter of Richard Duke of Normandy. Athelred also ordered the murder of all Danes in England but some escaped to report back. Not surprisingly the Viking attacks started again. |
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| | Richard II was the Duke of Normandy from 996 to 1026 and also grandfather of William the Conqueror. (More details when I can find some) | | Family Tree Details | | | Richard (II, Duke of Normandy)
+Judith
=RICHARD (III, Duke of Normandy) ( - d.1027)
=Robert (I, Duke of Normandy 1027-35) ( - d.1035)
| +Herleva
| =WILLIAM (I, the Conqueror, King of England 1066-1087) (b.1028 - d.1087)
| +Matilda (of Flander) ( - d.1083)
| =Robert (II, Duke of Normandy 1087-1106) ( - d.1134)
| =Richard (Son of William the Conqueror)
| =WILLIAM (II, Rufus, King of England 1087-1100) (b.1057 - d.1100)
| =Henry Plantagenet (I, King of England 1100-1135) (b.1068 - d.1135)
| =Cecilia (Daughter of William the Conqueror)
| =Constance (Daughter of William the Conqueror)
| =Adela (Daughter of William the Conqueror) ( - d.1137)
=William (Monk of Fecamp)
=Alice (Daughter of Richard II, Duke of Normandy)
=Eleanor (Daughter of Richard II, Duke of Normandy)
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| 1399 | Mar | Bolingbroke's land confiscated
| | | Bolingbroke should have inherited the lands from his father, John of Gaunt, but Richard had other ideas. The king confiscated Bolingbroke's inheritance and increased his term of exile to life. |
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Born:
Died: 1027
| Son of Richard II, Duke of Normandy. He was Duke for just one year, and was followed by his brother, Robert I. | | Family Tree Details | | | RICHARD (III, Duke of Normandy) ( - d.1027)
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Born: 1060
Died: 1095
| Son of Herleva and Herluin de Conteville. | | Family Tree Details | | | Robert (Count of Mortain) (b.1060 - d.1095)
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| 1106 | Sep 28 | Henry attacks his brother again
| | | Henry attacked his brother at the battle of Tinchebrai. This time with a much larger force Henry defeated and captured Robert along with the Count of Mortain. Henry locked Robert in Cardiff castle where he remained until he died in 1135. |
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Born:
Died: 1147
| The Illegitimate son of Henry I, King of England. Robert was the chief supporter of his step-sister Matilda's claim to the English throne during the civil war with King Stephen. | See AlsoTime Linked PeopleMini Timeline
| 1138 | May | Robert sides with Matilda
| | | Robert, the Earl of Gloucester announces that he will assist Matilda, his step-sister in her claim for the English throne. | | 1141 | Sep 14 | Rout of Winchester
| | | Matilda's forces were besieging a royalist held castle at Wolvesey near Winchester and were attacked and defeated by a royalist relief army. King Stephen who was being held captive at the time was exchanged for Robert, earl of Gloucester one of Matilda's supporters who was captured in the defeat. | | Nov | Exchange of King Stephen and Gloucester
| | | Robert, Earl of Gloucester was held captive at Rochester Castle before being exchanged for King Stephen who had been captured earlier in the year at Lincoln. | | 1144 | | Construction of Faringdon Castle
| | | Built by Robert, Earl of Gloucester. The castle soon came under siege by King Stephen who after four days took the castle and destroyed it. | | 1147 | Oct 31 | Robert, Earl of Gloucester dies
| | | The death of Robert was a blow to Matilda's attempts to fight for the English throne. Matilda was to leave England shortly afterwards. |
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Born:
Died: 1035
| Robert was the Duke of Normandy from 1027 to 1035. He was the second son of Richard II. He succeeded his brother Richard III, who was Duke for only one year, a fact that may indicate that Richard III may have been murdered. Robert was the father of William the Conqueror. William's mother was Herleva who Robert did not marry. Robert faced problems as soon as he succeeded his brother, facing conflicts with Robert of Rouen and Bishop Hugh of Bayeux, both churchmen who owned large amounts of land. He defeated Hugh and came to a compromise with Robert. Robert was not slow in assisting both the French King Henry I, and the English monarchy in times of trouble. He gave refuge to Edward and Albert two brothers. Edward was to become 'The Confessor', and was to promise the English throne to Robert's son William. In 1035, Robert traveled to the Holy lands on pilgrimage but before he left, he made sure that William would become Duke of Normandy if he didn't return. He needed to have this confirmed, as William was illegitimate. As it was, Robert was killed returning from Jerusalem, and so the eight year old William became Duke. William's first years were in a duchy transformed by civil war after the death of Robert. | | Family Tree Details | | | |
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| 1033 | | Robert Assists English and French Kings
| | | Robert I, Duke of Normandy was an ally of the French King Henry I and also assisted the two English brothers Edward (to become Edward the Confessor) and Alfred, sons of Athelred King of the English who was overthrown by Canute in 1016. Robert may had tried to assist Edward and Albert in their attempts to retake the English throne back from Canute. It may have been for this assistance that Edward was to promise Robert's son William (the Conqueror) the future crown of England. |
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Born:
Died: 1390
| Robert was the son Walter, the 6th High Steward of Scotland, and Majorie Bruce the daughter of Robert I, King of the Scots. Robert was born in 1316. Because it was thought that Robert I would die without an male heir it was decided that his daughter's son, Robert, should become king if circumstances did not change. Circumstances did change with the birth of a boy to Robert I's second wife Elizabeth. The boy became David II, king of Scotland after the death of Robert I. It was not until the death of David II in 1371 that Robert, at the age of fifty-five, became King of Scotland. Robert had many children, possibly twenty or more. The marriage to his first wife, Elizabeth Mure, was concidered invalid as they were closely related but his second marriage to Euphemia Ross, was declared legal. The problems other the legitimacy of his children would prove to be a source of dispute for his decendants. Robert died at the age of seventy-four and was succeeded by his son John, Earl of Carrick, who took the name Robert III. | | Family Tree Details | | | |
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| 1333 | Jul 19 | Battle of Halidon Hill
| | | Edward had positioned his army on Halidon Hill overlooking Berwick which he had under siege. He choose the location because it allowed him to look out for the Scots who may try and relieve the Scottish who were besieged with the town. A Scottish force tried to get to Berwick put were defeated by Edward's army. Edward III's attacks on Scotland and victory at Halidon Hill put Edward Balliol back on the Scottish throne for four more years. Robert (II), the future King of the Scots, was one of the Scottish commanders at the battle of Halidon Hill. | | 1371 | Feb | David II dies and is succeeded by Robert II
| | | The Stewart dynasty was begun when Robert II took the Scottish throne after the death of David II. | | Mar 27 | Robert II is crowned at Scone
| | | Robert II is crowned at Scone. | | 1390 | Apr 19 | Robert III becomes King of the Scots
| | | Robert II, king of the Scots died at the age of seventy-four and was succeeded by Robert III who ruled from 1390 to 1406. Robert II was buried at Scone Abbey. |
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Born:
Died: 1406
| Originally called John, he used the name Robert when he came to the throne when his father Robert II died in 1390. He had been injured by a horse's kick a few years earlier and suffered from a permanent injury. | | Family Tree Details | | | Robert (III, King of Scotland 1390-1406) ( - d.1406)
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| 1337 | Aug 14 | Robert III is born at Scone
| | | Robert (III), the future king of Scotland, was born at Scone. | | 1390 | Apr 19 | Robert III becomes King of the Scots
| | | Robert II, king of the Scots died at the age of seventy-four and was succeeded by Robert III who ruled from 1390 to 1406. Robert II was buried at Scone Abbey. | | 1400 | Aug | Henry invades Scotland
| | | To stop the Scots raiding the northern borders of England Henry took an army into Scotland. The Scottish king Robert III did not concede defeat and Henry had to resort to minor raids of his own without any real outcome for either side. | | 1406 | Mar | James (I) captured by the English
| | | Robert III had fled from the Duke of Albany to Rothesay Castle and had attempted to send his son James to France. English pirates intercepted James and he was sent to London and imprisoned. | | Apr | Robert III dies
| | | Robert III, King of Scotland died at Rothesay Castle. His son James, although the rightful heir to the Scottish throne, was not crowned until 1424. | | Apr | James I of Scotland
| | | With the death of Robert III, King of the Scots, James I was the new King of Scotland but as he was imprisoned by the English, his brother Robert, acted as Regent until James' release in 1424. |
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| | Robert was a powerful and evil Norman baron. He already owned several castles in Normandy when in 1098 his brother died in Wales and Robert was given the title of Earl of Shrewsbury. Along with the title came the castles of Shrewsbury and Bridgnorth. Another important castle that came into Robert's possession was Arundel. Robert was an excellent castle architect and his work included Shrewsbury Castle, Bridgnorth Castle and the fortress at Gisor. Robert was involved in several revolts against William Rufus and Henry I. In 1102 Henry started to bring the powerful barons under control. Robert reinforced his castles but they fell to Henry. Robert finally surrendered at Shrewsbury Castle and he was banished to Normandy. Back in Normandy Robert treated his subjects badly. He fell into Henry I's hands again in 1111 and was imprisoned for the rest of his life. | See AlsoMini Timeline
| 1088 | Spring | Revolt against William
| | | Many Norman barons held land both in England and Normandy. With two opposing lords, William in England and Robert in Normandy, the barons were finding it difficult to know who to support. A revolt led by Odo sprung up in England with the aim of removing William from the throne. Odo's revolt in Kent and Sussex was supported by Robert of Belleme, a Norman baron, who was able to bring support from Normandy. Robert also controlled castles in the Welsh Marches where the revolt also took place. | | 1102 | | Earl Robert of Belleme
| | | Henry I brings several charges against Robert of Belleme. Robert resists Henry but finally surrenders at Shrewsbury Castle. Robert is exiled. |
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| | Robert of Jumieges | Mini Timeline
| 1050 | | Robert of Jumieges becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
| | | Edward appointed the French abbot Robert of Jumieges to the post of Archbishop of Canterbury. | | 1052 | Summer | Stigand becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
| | | Stigand, Bishop of Winchester, mediated between the Godwines and Edward the Confessor. The Norman Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert of Jumieges, fled the country with other bishops who had been appointed by Edward. Stigand assumed the title of Archbishop of Canterbury. Robert appealed to Leo IX and Stigand was excommunicated (repeated by Victor II & Stephen IX, repealed by Benedict X, reintroduced by Nicholas II and Alexander II). |
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Born:
Died: 20 Jul 1031
| Called 'the Pious' thanks to his devotion to the church, but his private life was a little different. Robert married Rozela, daughter of the King of Italy a marriage arranged by his father Hugh Capet. On Capet's death and his own rise the throne Robert dissolved the marriage to Rozela and married Bertha widow of the count of Blois. The marriage was not welcomed by the Pope and so Robert married Constance of Provence later trying to dissolve that marriage to again marry Bertha. Constance brought Robert four sons and many problems. Robert made his eldest son Henry heir to the throne but Constance wanted Robert the second youngest to be king. The younger sons encouraged by their mother rose up against their father. The one positive outcome was that the youngest son, Raoul, became the Duke of Burgundy and his decendants ruled for three hundred years. The problems caused in Robert's reign by Constance and their sons questioning who should become the next king were solved in later reigns when it became law that the eldest son should be the true heir and none other. | | Family Tree Details | | | |
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| | Mysterious leader of a group of rebels who rose up against Edward IV because of his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. The rebels were supported by Richard Neville Earl of Warwick, the Kingmaker. | See AlsoMini Timeline
| 1469 | Qtr 1 | Rebellion of Robin of Redesdale
| | | A rebellion began early in the year started by a mysterious person calling himself Robin of Redesdale. The motivation for the uprising against the king was his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville and the influence the Woodvilles were having. The rebels were supported by the Earl of Warwick. | | Jul 26 | Battle of Edgecote
| | | Edward's army was insufficient to deal with the rebels alone and he had moved them to Nottingham to wait for a larger army to join them led by Sir William Herbert. Pembroke's army was attacked and defeated by a combined rebel army led by Robin of Redesdale and the Earl of Warwick who had returned from France. The battle took place at Edgecote near Banbury. Sir William Herbert and his brother Richard were captured and executed. |
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| | Bishop of Winchester and Justiciar. | See AlsoMini Timeline
| 1214 | Feb 1 | Peter Des Roches become Justiciar
| | | John elects Peter Des Roches, the Bishop of Winchester as his Justiciar. Des Roches had supported John through the years of Interdict and was repaid for his loyalty, but he was not popular with the other Barons. | | 1216 | Oct 28 | King Henry III Crowned
| | | King John's eldest son Henry was crowned King Henry III at the abbey church of Gloucester by Peter des Roches the Bishop of Winchester. The Earl of Pembroke, Earl Marshal of England (William Marshal), was declared Regent. | | 1219 | | William Marshal dies
| | | William Marshal is succeeded by Peter de Roches, Bishop of Winchester and Hubert de Burgh who was Justiciary. | | 1232 | | Peter des Rievaulx becomes treasurer
| | | Peter des Rievaulx, the nephew of the Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester, is made treasurer of the Henry III's household and keeper of the king's wardrobe. This moved him into an extremely important position for controlling the king's affairs. | | 1233 | Qtr 1 | Baronian rebellion
| | | With the introduction of Peter de Roches as justiciar and the removal of Hubert de Burgh, the control of the Exchequer was under Poitevin control and possibly reversed the gains created by John's Charter in 1215. Henry was given control of central administration. This angered the Barons and a group led by Richard Marshall, Earl of Pembroke opposed the changes. Henry was able to deal with the Barons. |
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| | While in Caen Henry I and his elder brother William (Rufus) had entered a church and requested the priest say mass. The priest impressed the two so much with his efficiency that they made him their chaplain. Roger's abilities were such that he also became chancellor, Abbot of Sherborne and Bishop of Salisbury. At Sherborne Robert built an abbey and at Old Sarum he built a new Cathedral. Robert's power and wealth was so great that he also built a castle at Sherborne. | See AlsoMini Timeline
| 1093 | | Durham Cathedral begun
| | | Durham Cathedral was the first building in Western Europe with ribbed vaulting in the ceiling. | | 1106 | | Construction of Kidwelly Castle
| | | Roger, bishop of Salisbury, is granted land in south Wales and started construction of a wooden castle on the banks of the river Gwendraeth. | | 1139 | | Robert, Bishop of Salisbury is arrested
| | | Stephen arrested Robert, the Bishop of Salisbury. Robert was powerful and could not be trusted. Stephen took control of Robert's castles including Sherborne. |
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| | A Viking and the founder of the Duchy of Normandy. During the reign of Alfred the Great Rollo could have been a member of the 'Great Heathen Host' who attacked England around 892. His first known whereabouts are in France in 911 where he laid siege to Chartres. The Vikings were beaten on this occasion and the king of France Charles III used his advantage of the situation to persuade the Vikings to stay by offering them land and so help protect France from further Viking raids. Rollo renounced his pagan past and became a Christian. Rollo laid the foundation for the Norman dynasty that ultimately resulted in William the Conqueror invading England in 1066. | See AlsoMini Timeline
| 911 | | Rollo founds the Norman Dynasty
| | | Rollo, in return for land in Northen France, swore allegiance to the French king Charles III. Charles' motives were to use a settled band of Vikings in his country to help prevent more Viking attacks in the future. The hope that Charles may have had of removing the Vikings at a later date proved impossible to implement. |
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