| Ruler | Country | Start of Reign | Age at 1090 |
| William II | England | 1087 | 33 | | 1091 Nov | William Rufus renews agreement with Scots  | | 1092 | Tewkesbury Abbey Founded | | 1093 Spring | William Rufus seriously ill | | 1093 Nov 13 | Battle of Alnwick | | 1095 | Robert Mowbray's Rebellion | | 1096 | William buys Normandy | | 1099 | Flambard is made Bishop of Durham |
| | Malcolm III | Scotland | 1058 | ? | | 1091 Nov | William Rufus renews agreement with Scots | | 1093 Nov 13 | Battle of Alnwick | | 1093 Nov 16 | Death of Margaret of Scotland |
| | Donald III | Scotland | 1093 | ? | | Duncan II | Scotland | 1094 | ? | | Donald III | Scotland | 1094 | ? | | Edgar | Scotland | 1097 | ? | | 1093 Nov 13 | Donald Bane becomes king of Scotland | | 1097 | Edgar Macmalcolm becomes king of the Scots | | 1098 | Treaty with Magnus III of Norway |
| | Philip I | France | 1060 | ? |
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The People's Crusade
| 1095 | Mar | The Council of Piacenza | | | | A delegation led by the Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus visited Pope Urban II to raise the problems he was having fighting the Muslims in the East. Pope Urban removed the excommunication that had been placed on the Emperor by Pope Gregory and promised to help. | | Nov 27 | The Council of Clermont | | | | On the last day of the council Pope Urban II preached about the oppression being inflicted on the Christians in the Middle East by the Muslim Seljuks. Christian churches were being destroyed and Christians attacked. The Pope called for the Christians in the West to help. | | 1096 | Qtr 1 | Peter the Hermit's (or People's) Crusade | | | | Following Pope Urban's speech at Clermont Peter the Hermit, a simple man with a powerful ability to move people by his words, started preaching for Christians to help their fellow Christians in the East. He started to gain a large number of followers eager to go to Jerusalem with promises of absolution and freedom from a life of hunger and deprevation. His followers were poor, not prepared for the journey and not armed. | | Jul | Peter reaches Byzantium | | | | At Constantinople the Emperor Alexius welcomed Peter's army but there were too many people and no provision had been made for them. There was a general lack of discipline that resulted in repeated attacks and thefts from surrounding villages. Alexius warned Peter to wait for better trained troops to arrive before moving on but the pressure of the army was so great on Constantinople that they were forced to move before help could arrive. | | Aug | The People's Crusades cross the Bosperus | | | | The People's Crusaders were shipped across the Bosperus to a disused army base at Civetot. From there they attacked the surrounding areas but they had little affect. | | Oct 21 | The People's Crusaders massacred | | | | The Turks attacked the People's Crusades in their base at Civetot and ended their Crusade. |
The First Crusade
| 1095 | Mar | The Council of Piacenza | | | | A delegation led by the Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus visited Pope Urban II to raise the problems he was having fighting the Muslims in the East. Pope Urban removed the excommunication that had been placed on the Emperor by Pope Gregory and promised to help. | | Nov 27 | The Council of Clermont | | | | On the last day of the council Pope Urban II preached about the oppression being inflicted on the Christians in the Middle East by the Muslim Seljuks. Christian churches were being destroyed and Christians attacked. The Pope called for the Christians in the West to help. | | 1096 | Oct | Raymond starts his crusade | | | | . | | 1097 | Apr | Crusaders reach Constantinople | | | | | | 1099 | Jul 15 | Crusaders take Jerusalem | | | | The Crusaders take Jerusalem and Godfrey of Bouillon becomes King of Jerusalem. |
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| People who played important roles in this time period |
Anselm (Archbishop of Canterbury 1093-1109)
Anselm was born in the alpine village of Aosta in the Italian Alps and was the son of a wealthy nobleman. Anselm became a pupil at the Abbey of Bec in Normandy and studied under Lanfranc. In 1078 Anselm replaced Herluin as the Abbot of Bec when Herluin died. In 1093 Anselm was invited to become Arch (more...)
Donald (III, Scottish King 1094-1097)
Domnall mac Donnchada, or Donald in English was the younger brother of Malcolm III and became king of the Scots in early 1094 after Malcolm was killed at the Battle of Alnwick in November 1093. Malcolm had nominated his sons at heirs to the Scottish throne and not Donald, his brother, which was norm (more...)
Margaret (St. Margaret of Scotland)
Sister of Edgar the Aetheling and married to Malcolm III, King of Scotland. Edgar had rebelled against William the Conqueror and had been forced to find safety at the court of Malcolm III, King of the Scots. Margaret had accompanied Edgar to Scotland. Malcolm was happy to assist Edgar and other Lord (more...)
Duncan (II, Scottish King 1094)
Duncan was the eldest son of Malcolm III, King of the Scots and Ingibjorg, his wirst wife. Duncan, with the help of Norman knights, attacked and exiled Donald III and became King of Scotland in May 1094. His reign only lasted until November 1094 when he was killed.
Wulfstan (Bishop of Worcester)
Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester undertook large scale rebuilding work, including Worcester Cathedral, Hereford Cathedral, (Tewkesbury Abbey?), Great Malvern Priory and many other churches in the Worcester, Hereford and Gloucester area.Wulfstan was a native of the Worcester area and managed to retai (more...)
Urban (II, Pope)
Born in Chatillon-sur-Marne to a noble French family. Urban became a monk at Cluny and before the age of forty, became the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia. In 1088 he was made Pope. The German Emperor, Henry IV had asserted his power over the Papacy after the death of an earlier Pope, Gregory VII. Urban ha (more...)
Robert (II, Duke of Normandy 1087-1106)
First son of William the Conqueror.
Godfrey (of Bouillon)
Godfrey de Bouillon was the second son of Eustace II, the Norman Count of Boulogne. Godfrey was chosen as the ruler of Jerusalem in 1099 after the crusaders took control of the city. Godfrey refused to wear a golden crown in Jerusalem where his Saviour had only worn a crown of thorns. He wanted to b (more...)
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| Battles that took place in this time period |
1093 Nov 13 - Battle of Alnwick
Malcolm III, the king of Scotland, and his son Edward were both killed at the battle of Alnwick in Northumberland. Malcolm had invaded England after William II had made moves to take more control over Cumbria and had fortified Carlisle.
1099 Aug 12 - Battle of Ascalon
The last battle of the First Crusade was fourght between the Christians and Muslims at Ascalon. Led by Godfrey of Bouillon, the king of Jerusalem, the heavily out-numbered Christian army used their heavy armour to good affect. The Muslim army consisted mainly of Egyptions intent of driving the Christians out of Jerusalem.
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| Building work undertaken in this time period |
Caernarvon Castle 1090
The first castle to be built at Caernarvon was constructed by Hugh of Avranches in about 1090. He built a wooden motte and bailey castle.
Pembroke Castle 1090
A motte and bailey castle was built at Pembroke by Arnulf of Montgomery.
Lancaster Castle 1090
Construction of keep at Lancaster Castle by Roger of Poitou.
Colchester Castle 1091
Once the threat from invasion had reduced, the castle was passed into the control of Eudo de Rie, who held the position of high steward.
Carlisle Cathedral 1092 - 1123
Work began on the nave and the southern transept.
Tewkesbury Abbey 1092
Robert FitzHamon, the cousin of William Rufus, together with Abbot Giraldus, founded the present Abbey at Tewkesbury.
Durham Cathedral 1093
Durham Cathedral was the first building in Western Europe with ribbed vaulting in the ceiling.
Canterbury Cathedral 1096 - 1107
Canterbury Choir, East Transepts and Crypt building work.
Alnwick Castle 1096
Building work on Alnwick castle began.
Norwich Cathedral 1096
Work starts on Norwich Cathedral.
Durham Cathedral 1099 - 1128
Construction of the nave at Durham Cathedral began in 1099 and lasted until 1128.
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