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The Midland Railway was created in 1844 by the amalgamation of the the Birmingham & Derby Railway, the York & North Midland Railway, the Midland Counties Railway and the North Midland Railway. In 1845 Birmingham & Gloucester Railway and the Bristol & Gloucester Railway joined the Midland Railway.

The Midland Railway ceased to exist when it was amalgamated with other railway companies in the "groupings" of 1923 to form the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.