CONTRAILS SOME INCORRECTLY CALL THESE CHEMTRAILS (NEW AGE CONTRAILS)
ALTHOUGH THEY CAN LEAD TO ARTIFICAL CLOUD CALLED CIRRUS AVIATICUS
Dr Chris Barnes Ph.D. Manager Bangor Scientific and Educational
Consultants and Director of Atmospheric Research, NEXUS
OTHER CHRIS
BARNES SITES
http://www.chrisbarnespoet.co.uk/
http://www.e-mail-a-teacher.co.uk/
http://e-mail-a-teacher.co.uk/chem.htm
Ask a question on contrails environmentalresearch@yahoo.co.uk
UNDENIABLE FACTS
Soon after 9/11
the
1.
Contrails
had a huge effect on diurnal temperature behaviour
2.
Single
military contrails were on occasions and quite contrary to expectation observed
to spread out to form huge cirrus clouds, BUT first hints of this go back to
WW2 and first Scientific Study to Travis 1997 AND Seinfeld, Nature 391, pp
837-838 1998.
3.
All
previous calculations for the effects of Contrails on Earth’s radiation budget
had assumed narrow linear contrails but there is plenty of Scientific Evidence
in the literature on the ‘contrail to cirrus transformation’
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/303/5657/516
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998GeoRL..25.4341G
http://www.springerlink.com/content/u7w05w74k361177v/
http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2FJAM2325.1
http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/ozone/reports/Contrail_Uncertainties.pdf
http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/~pa1c/JGR107_2001JD000470_2002.pdf
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v391/n6670/full/391837a0.html
http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/139449.pdf
This really
sowed the seeds for some very intensive research into contrails. There are many Scientific References to
Contrails causing inadvertent Climate and Weather Alteration but what if more
could be achieved?
Some of the more
recent findings when taken with freely available public domain patents and
other information offer possible routes for weather and climate control.
Naturally to what extent these have been tested, if at all, it is presently
impossible to say.
U.K TV DRAMA SERIES ‘SUPERSTORM’
BBC2 SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION OF ‘SUPERSTORM’
SILVER
IODIDE HURRICANE SEEDING IN 1960’S PROPOSED TO REPEAT
HOW TO STEER A HURRICANE USING A BLACK CARBON INDUCED
CONTRAIL
WEATHER SYSTEM ( WHICH DRIFTS
IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO HURRICANE)**
WATCH ON SUNDAY 22ND APRIL ; BBC2 MORALS AND ETHICS OF WEATHER
AND CLIMATE CONTROL.
**Interestingly some people say they have seen contrails do this. This is
not scientifically impossible and indeed quite often high level and low level
winds blow in opposite directions.
A BALANCED VIEW BASED ON LOCAL
OBSERVATIONS IN
What is a contrail? A contrail is a water vapour trail
arising from the cooling and freezing to ice of the water component of normal
jet aircraft exhaust emissions, which other than water contain greenhouse
gases, hydrocarbons e.g. unburned fuel, and particulates. The latter can act as CCN ‘S, cloud
condensation nuclei. Usually contrails dissipate quickly with a matter of
seconds but occasionally they persist as pencil thin lines of vapour /ice for
periods of 10 seconds to an absolute maximum of 2 hours before sun up or after
sun down. The sun’s radiative
heat getting to work on a contrail helps it to dissipate by melting the ice and
evaporating the water. Atmospheric Physics tells us that reducing the height of
an aeroplane should cut the incidence of persistent contrails to zero. A contrail from a jet aircraft is easily
identified as there is always a small gap between the hot engine and the point
where vapour can first be seen rather like steam coming from a boiling kettle.
Contrails are usually of tubular symmetric appearance but can have hoops or
puffs on them if the plane is changing velocity or encounters turbulence; such
shapes depend on the size shape and manoeuvres of the plane, i.e. its wake
vortex. Contrails can be blown large
distances by upper atmosphere winds and can also be kinked or bent or develop
Mare’s tails like cirrus clouds by wind shear.
Contrail Formation
The trail seen behind jet aircraft is
formed by condensation, much like our breath does when we exhale in cold
weather. The difference in contrail formation is that at the altitude that
contrails form, temperatures are very low and the condensation droplets rapidly
freeze into ice crystals. This occurs mostly in the upper troposphere and the upper
stratosphere (5-10 miles high).
The essential conditions for contrail
formation are:
1. Hot jet exhaust
2. Ambient air close to saturation with water
3. Altitude sufficient to provide temperature for condensation to
freeze, typically below -38C.(1)
Contrails
persist under SOME Atmospheric conditions and if there are large numbers of
CCN’S (Cloud Condensation Nuclei) either already in the air due to pollution or
in and over rich aircraft exhaust plume. For
persistence the air needs to be very cold and supersaturated with water vapour.
The turbulent motion of the aircraft itself or static electricity carried on
its wings or across its vapour trail can be sufficient to trigger the
persistence process. In very busy air corridors where there are lots of
contrails, photochemical smog can also form, particularly in the presence of
bright sunlight this will give a hazy brownish appearance when viewed from a
distance. The same smog can form from car exhaust pollution at ground level
under intense anticyclone conditions.
Contrails can spread into cirrus clouds if a
contrail forms immediately underneath or adjacent to an existing patch of
cirrus cloud be it however fine or tenuous. Contrail to contrail interaction
SEEMS TO BE BECOMING more common because planes are able to fly closer together
because of the advent of AVOSS. AMDAR
also requires them to make quantised height steps which cab cause on apparent
on/off effect in the plume. I witnessed this for the first time ever today (
Contrail
Persistence
If a contrail is formed in air of low
humidity, the ice crystals will rapidly evaporate, but if the air is saturated
enough, the crystals will persist for some time. When winds aloft are calm
enough, the contrail will keep its shape, if the wind is strong enough, it will
spread out and possibly form a
cirrus type cloud.
HOW CAN CONTRAILS FORM UNDER NON-IDEAL
CONDITIONS E.G. LOW HUMIDITY ?
Sometimes contrails can persist even in drier
air –this has undoubtedly led to some of the CHEMTRAIL HYSTERIA
For INSTANCE ‘NAT’ (Nitric acid trihydrate) crystals will distort contrail prediction
algorithms, because theses stop ice evaporating as quickly.
Under special conditions of higher humidity,
the ice crystals may grow from
10-20 microns in size up to 500 microns or larger. At this size, their weight
can cause them to fall up to 10,000 feet per hour. These “fall streaks” can fall
for several kilometers from their point of origin, and in rare cases even reach
the ground.(2) Normally, the ice crystals will reach
an altitude where they evaporate. This same phenomenon occurs in natural
clouds, especially cirrus, and is known as “mares tails”, or virga. These cascading flows of ice crystals,
followed by spreading sheets of cirrus clouds so often foretold the approach of
a storm front that an ancient sailor’s rhyme reads:
"Mackerel skies and mare's tails
make tall ships set low sails."
World met
offices and NASA calculate that persistent contrails could have a contributory
effect towards global warming. No
comment appears to have been made on smog which reduces ground visibility.
Perhaps due to inhalation of particulates, there is a correlation between
mortality rates and ground visibility. Met offices tell us that there is more high
cloud because of increased air traffic but perhaps other factors are leading to
increased water vapour in the upper atmosphere, one hypothesis is that ozone
decomposition by hydrogen can do this. Changes in aircraft fuel particularly to
JP8 and JP8 100 with its dispersant molecules may be having effects by boosting
particulate emission. Changes to Earth’s
ionosphere or magnetosphere may also be happening (either natural or person-
made) which could yield more prevalence of CCN (Cloud Condensation Nuclei) for
persistent and spreading contrail formation.
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Ozone Depletion |
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Hydrogen - ‘May be? Villain of the piece' in the Stratosphere' |
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This is the chemical reaction that takes place to deplete ozone in the Upper Atmosphere |
An excellent expalantion of
contrails and our changing skies due to changed aircraft engine design is given
in the
DERA ( UNCLASSIFIED) REPORT
at
http://www.ozone-sec.ch.cam.ac.uk/EORCU/Files/Contrail_Uncertainties.pdf
In the report they reach good conclusions except they
are not sure where all the extra CCNS are coming from.
Explanations are given of how acidic soot might create
contrails outside of normal super saturation regime. This needs extra CCNS, AT
NANO PARTICLE SIZE.
FOR STOP-PRESS ( APRIL 2007) ON OUR CHANGING ATMOSPHERE and CCNS LOOK BELOW
NOT A CONSPIRACY
MORE OF AN IRONY: WE
BELIEVE THIS IS MAINLY JUST THE EFFECTS OF CLEANER DIESEL
SHIPS BOATS CARS AND
TRUCKS ALL RUN OFF THIS STUFF AND THE ULTRAFINE NANOPARTICLES THEY MAKE GO UP
INTO THE AIR AND ACT AS NUCLEATION CENTRES FOR
BIGGER BETTER CONTRAILS!! I.E. MORE AEROSOLS
( ALSO CAUSE MORE LUNG AND SINUS PROBLEMS AT
GROUND LEVEL
Scientists are only just beginning to discover this for themselves; see
the following useful links
http://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=770968
http://www.albany.edu/~yfq/abstracts/Yu_Turco_JGR01.htm
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AdSpR..32.1725B
http://www.springerlink.com/content/c663115360887x06/
http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/inca/data/pdf/GRL_2002GL016458_Minikin-et-al.pdf
http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/fysik/vk/vakeva/studieso.pdf
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00176.x
Clearly there remains
an INTENSE interest in atmospheric aerosols see the following links
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftp_docs/Aerosols.pdf
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftp_docs/Changing_Global_Clouds.pdf
And obviously
they could have unintentional or intentional effects on weather and
climate
Some might even say
that certain types of aerosol (sulphate) might slow down global warming see
this recent paper in nature
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v376/n6540/abs/376501a0.html
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/156/3780/1358
See this one as well
http://www.springerlink.com/content/yq7cv6e36hhtkrq4/
Site Author’s comment
‘WOULD IT BE WORTH LOOSING OUR SUN TANS
AND OUR LOVELY BLUE SKIES FOR A MERE 20%
DECREASE IN THE RATE OF GLOBAL WARMING?’
Although new diesel engines
running on cleaner fuel have overall CCN mass emissions reduced by a factor of
3. The ones with nano-particle size (the ones we
think cause contrail spreading) are increased by a factor of 30!!!!!!!!!!!! SEE NUMBER SIZE DISTRIBUTION DATA FROM HEI REPORT 1979 CRC
ROADWAY STUDY.
What is a chemtrail? We say merely a ‘new age’ Contrail –see above
Certainly Chemtrails,
judging by the number of devoted internet sites on the subject would appear for
some to be on of the ‘largest puzzles of modern times’. Maybe more people are
simply ‘looking up’ or sky- watching these days. Aviation is undisputedly responsible for gross changes to our Atmosphere
and Climate and perhaps the appearance of ‘cloned’ World-wide Sky-scapes.
The author only came across THE TERM ‘Chemtrails’ accidentally in 2003 while researching what he
thought to be an experimental Radio Transmitter called HAARP.
Like SOME
have followed the same path before him, at first he INITIALLY SCOFFED in disbelief
at their existence, THEN became half-
CONVINCED they, existed AS SOME GREAT
CONSPIRACY OF THE MODERN WORLD yet now having solved the mystery believes they exist
only in a few minor and very specific guises WHEREAS HE
REMAINS CONVINCED THE MAJORITY ARE
MERELY manifestations of PERSISTENT SPREADING CONTRAILS WHICH though
quirks of natural chemistry and physics
including global warning and industrial pollution ACCIDENTALLY
but unfortunately DOMINATE OUR SKIES AND
WEATHER .
Perhaps far fewer people than expected are aware of these gross changes
to our atmosphere because of simple psychology. Generally speaking if the sky
looks bluish or grey, unless holiday making, we are not usually concerned with
the detail. Also some of the other climatic
effects that seem to be coincidentally related to the appearance of Contrails
are simply blamed by the media on global warming and indeed there could be an
intimate relation (of chicken and egg nature) between the two.
A spreading contrail as distinct from a
non-spreading contrail is likely to be any broader emission from a high
altitude aircraft 8-60,000 feet which results in a broad white, often
asymmetric, cloud like persistence (on deposition it has immediately an average
5 -10 times the perceived width of a normal contrail) lasting more than a few
tens of minutes and up to 24 hours. The tell tale clear gap between the engine
and the first visible appearance of vapour in the air may also be absent or not
as noticeable in the case of aircraft in the process of depositing spreading
contrails, this is because it might be running NOX rich, and or on JP8 /100
fuel, or running with much cooler than normal emissions.
Other
times you see a contrail without this tell-tale gap at all, and then you might
be minded to think of trialling of exotic systems like experimental cryo-planes or electro-anti-gravity propulsion as distinct
if, rare possibility. Of course simply cooler exhaust vapours from modern
efficient engines, or NAT preventing ice evaporation would do the same thing.
Many commercial aircraft now have noise reduction systems which also cool the
fuel vapour making the trails longer, some have odd shaped baffles ( see
patents US2004244357 and US5775635) which produce odd shapes in the resultant
contrails allowing them to spread with sideways instability on certain days
when the atmospheric conditions are right
pseudo-high cloud forms. Unlike
linear contrails which fade with increasing sunlight or u/v, spreading
contrails to intensify with the same, and depending on the upper atmosphere
electric field have, been observed in other colours, particularly pink and
green. Rare ice halos (some call the chembows) have
also been seen but thses two have perfectly feasible
Scientific Explanations, see Auriol et al, Journal OF
Atmospheric Sciences pp3376-3390 , 2001.
So profound have been the changes brought about to our atmosphere since
some bright spark invented cleaner diesel and some other bright spark decided
to noise reduce most of the Worlds’ Major aircraft fleets and introduce AMDAR
and AVOSS, JP8 and jp8/100 that met offices have named the cloud artefacts
formed by spreading contrails Cirrus Aviaticus and
there are several Different Cirrus aviaticus types
and prefixes, e.g. A2C3.
Incidentally JP8 was first used in the
1st Gulf War and
http://www.ncsu.edu:8010/unity/lockers/project/ncsucvmcbs/text_monteiroriviere_nancy.htm
HISTORY of the ‘Chemtrails’ Scare
Thus it is easy to see how the
‘Chemtrails’ scare might have come about,
Because to the lay person who does sky watch without
even adequate explanation from even the ‘so called experts’ , spreading contrails
are indeed a relatively new phenomenon
in our Atmosphere and are without doubt for some are one of the most perplexing puzzles of
modern time.
As explained above they are due in part to some interesting chemistry
and due to a natural phenomena
associated with changes in the Sun or Earth’s Ionosphere or even with Gamma Ray bursts from outside our Galaxy
allowing unusual electrical and particle interactions with contrails from these
new type aircraft engines on just certain days and at certain times, however there still remains the possibility,
at least some, of these
trails are of deliberate person –made origin. For instance; Weather control might one day become big business in some
countries as the planet’s hydrology changes.
See also
Persistent Contrails were first
noticed in the skies of the
Similarly
they were first noticed in the skies of the
The extra planes scenario
debunked
Sometimes in the
At least in the USA NASA tells PEOPLE that planes leaving circular
persistent contrails are likely to be atmospheric research planes. But why does
so much atmospheric research need to be done in so many places around our globe
and why is its nature not always freely public domain? Why was the first Scientific Project by Professor Patrick Minnis to study Persistent Contrails entitled with the
acronym ‘SUCCESS’ and why was it so ‘successful’ to have created or observed
the World’s first spreading contrail/chemtrail, particularly
when they can exacerbate global warming?
Now of course we know the
associated aerosol might counterbalance this? ( Maybe that’s why they were so excited)
OTHER USES OF
CONTRAILS AND CONTRAIL TRICK SCIENCE
If like me you live near a
civilian air route and military air training space, it is easy explaining how
the extra planes scenario might come about
All you do is read patent no.
WO0019164.
NEW STUFF NOV 2005
It is certainly easy
to see that some thing else happens on certain days just visit http://www.es.lancs.ac.uk/hazelrigg/amy/Introduction/The%20Science.htm
And make a
comparison of the expected civilian air routes which should just cause
contrails over a very small strip of North
CONTRAILS
are now noticeable on about 50% of days in the skies of most if not all so
called developed Western Nations. Indeed so pronounced now are the spreading types that
sky-scapes in many unrelated parts of the World are starting to look like criss-
cross grid clones. Such sky -scapes which would have
all different hitherto been very have only been a function of local
Geography and Climate.
Some
suggest that some of the ‘research’ Chemtrails contain
some material(s) other than or in
addition to water vapour borne out by
the observation that they can appear at levels in the atmosphere where ordinary contrails should not freeze or
persist and have even been observed ‘frozen into’ medium and low level clouds.
This observation is doubtless a feasible possibility, borne out by the
existence of peculiar hitherto unobserved colorimetric and optical effects in
our atmosphere during or soon (within hours) after chemtrail
application. The Soviets have used dry ice for weather control this would do
something like this..
THE MYSTERIOUS
BLACK LINE IN THE SKY DEBUNKED TO SOME EXTENT TRY US PATENT US4607849!!! OR TRY
SHADOWS!!!!!
(Rare AND
strange but if lots of witnesses are to be believed – undeniably true?
By simple
observation, at least in
Unexplainable contrails;
These have
been observed in the
Spreading Contrails
These are
the most common ‘chemtrails’ observed. Of course in relation to the author’s
comments above some people may be mistaking ordinary persistent spreading
contrails for these and the distinction is possibly fine. They start life
similar in appearance to those non-spreading types above but over a period of seconds to hours they spread out into a variety of
pseudo s’ cirrus cloud forms. Some would say there are obviously several
different types and chemical components and their behaviour has been evolving
over the past couple of years, see:
http://www.willthomas.net/Chemtrails/Articles/chemtrails_over_america.htm
But then again systems like
AMDAR and AVOSS and together with fuels and engines are constantly evolving
gives an innocent explanation in terms of
separation and positions of planes.
Sometimes herring bone cirrus is formed. Others
look cross-linked like spiders’ webs.
Others form in twisted strands like DNA, possibly due to wind shear or
interaction between two or more components. While other types form clover leaf
like patterns or blobs like cottage cheese.
These clouds have an eerie artificial look to the trained eye. They can
also transform almost at the flick of a switch, within 10’s of seconds, from
for instance herringbone cirrus into blobs of pseudo- cirro-cumulus
and back again. It is interesting to note that the
Certainly if the planes don’t
need servicing as often then the particulates must go somewhere else –into the
UTLS!!!!
Whereas
normal high cloud is often stratified and random like fish scales these pseudo
cirrus are highly uniform and even form grid and wave front patterns, SOME CALL
THESE MOUNTAIN WAVES OTHERS EARTHQUAKE CLOUDS!! Some even form symmetric
patterns like huge pairs of Angel wings, IRONICALLY FOR OUR ENVIRONMENT RATHER
LIKE NASA OR
Pseudo –cirrus can give rise to some very rare
atmospheric optical effects called Halos, Sundogs and Day glows hitherto fairly
rarely observed at British Latitudes.
Types of Aircraft Involved
Aircraft
travelling along normal passenger air routes for instance towards Wallasey
beacon and
Indeed
aircraft on beacon controlled routes will of course have routes branching at fixed
points and could under certain circumstances produce natural persistent
contrails which might create letter Y’s
in the sky, especially on SOP days.
The only strange thing is there are a
number inconsistencies in the amount of planes expected, on both a day by day
and hour by hour basis.
Likewise on some days the planes fly
parallel to the main air routes but at equidistant points from them so
as to fill up the whole local sky. Met office
officials deny this and say it is just the contrail vapour drifting under wind
shear. But one cannot deny what reliable witnesses have seen, perhaps then we
are looking at SOP which at least for the moment MET OFFICES and AVIATORS
choose to deny exists.
This has led to the false assumption by others
that special fuel additives may be added to ordinary planes on just certain days, purpose of which
is unknown. The planes are generally
flying at altitudes where it is not possible to make out types and markings but
colour can be deduced. Large unmarked plain White aircraft have been observed
spreading trails at various heights from 8-25000 feet. Smaller grey or black aircraft have been
observed spreading similar trails at extremely high altitudes, possible as high
as 60,000 feet; these are probably military in origin. Meteorologists’ explanation of the chemtrailing ‘on-off switch’ is that this occurs when the
plane passes through nearby clouds, to re-iterate, the author has seen this
effect in a perfect clear blue sky. Initially the author thought it impossible
to explain how in a highly turbulent atmosphere the same area of sky can be
‘impregnated’ with refreshed fixed patches of chemtrail
on an hour by hour or day by day period over a successive number of days and on
a somewhat sinister note when under-lying that area of sky is a highly
populated student village. However a more
careful study shows the patch is related to sea spray sulphate aerosol from the
Menai Straits.
STOP PRESS: EVIDENCE THAT ON/OFF ‘VAPOUR PUFFS’ CAN BE GENERATED, AND
SUSTAINED AT 10,000 FEET FOR CONSIDERABLE PERIODS! ANYONE EVER HEARD OF DOT MATRIX SKY
–TYPING!!!!!
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Skywriting is the process of using a small aircraft,
able to expel special smoke during flight, to fly in certain patterns as to
create writing readable by someone on the ground.
Skywriting
is never a permanent process - winds and dispersal of this smoke cause the
writing to blur, usually rapidly. However special "skytyping"
techniques have been developed to write in the sky in a dot-matrix
fashion, to use the blurring effect to advantage. This method has not been
widely used, however.
More new stuff
CAN YOU HAVE PERSISTENT CONTRAILS
AT 10,000 FEET? Physics says no, and then have a look at this!!!!
http://www.skytyping.com/skytyping.htm
Skytyping is accomplished with five aircraft flying at 10,000 ft in an impressive formation, emitting biodegradable vapor "PUFFS" in a dot matrix pattern. These puffs are regulated by an onboard computer that controls the sequencing of the vapor to form the letters in the sky, very much like what you see above. In reality, our messages are much longer than this computer representation, and much more like the message below done for Song Airlines.
So maybe what some of us have been
seeing is the R&D for technologies like this! If so why secret and why not tell us what’s
in your Biodegradable puffs!!!
Imagine the potential of a technology
similar to this if you could deposit your material randomly at first and then
produce the writing some time later (as if from nowhere) without the use of
five little planes. Maybe with some clever little electro-active Compounds and /or nanotech and clever
radio transmitters you could!!!! Maybe this is what’s been tested.
Quite often I see bars and patterns in the
chem. clouds that seem to switch on –off at certain times of the day. My met
office tells they are ‘mountain waves’. Another recent explanation for these
clouds is that they are ETCS (Earthquake transient clouds). Presumably there
have to be a lot of CCN present to see them, this accounts for why they haven’t
been present through history. The author
believes they respond to ULF radio waves via the ionosphere.
NEW STUFF
