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HISTORY

Akzo Nobel owes its long history of growth and success to the careful integration of its diverse companies,
incorporating their specific cultures and technical excellence into ever-larger entities. The oldest are Det Holmbladske
Selskab (now Sadolin) in Denmark, which was founded in 1777, and Sikkens (the Netherlands) and Bemberg (Germany)
both established in 1792. In Sweden, Alfred Nobel, the famous scientist, founded many thriving businesses, some of
which are still part of the company today.

AKZO
1929
Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken (formed 1899) and Enka (formed 1911) amalgamated to form Algemene Kunstzijke Unie
(AKU).

1967
Koninklijke Zout-Ketjen and Koninklijke Zwanenberg Organon got together to form Koninklije Zout Organon.

1968
Akzo was formed as a result of a merger of Koninklijke Zout Organon and AKU.

NOBEL
1984
Nobel Industries was founded through the merger of KemaNobel (established 1971) and Bofors (founded 1646). After
the merger, other companies - respected names, such as Berol, Crown Berger, Eka and Sadolin & Holmblad - were
acquired.

1991
A major financial reconstruction took place and state-owned Securum became the principal shareholder.

AKZO NOBEL
1994
Akzo Nobel was formed through Akzo's acquisition of the Nobel shares owned by Securum and through a successful
bid for the remaining shares.

1998
Akzo Nobel acquired the former Courtaulds plc, the coatings and fibres company, which had leading positions in
high-tech industrial coatings and man-made fibres. Best known brands were International Paint, Courtelle acrylic fibres
and Tencel, a new cellulosic fibre. Courtaulds was founded in 1816 as a silk weaving company, and pioneered the
global man-made fibre industry at the beginning of the 20th century.

1999
Akzo Nobel divested Acordis, the combined fibres business of Courtaulds and Akzo Nobel, to CVC Capital Partners.
Akzo Nobel acquired Hoechst Roussel veterinary business.

1900 Société Parisienne pour I'Industrie Electrique (SPIE) founded
1883 Leonard Fairclough starts stone business
1882 Société de Construction des Batignolles builds a boring machine in attempt to dig Channel Tunnel
1879 Light bulb invented by Thomas Edison and Joseph Swann
1877 Jacob Parkinson and Company, forerunner of Sir Lindsay Parkinson & Co Ltd founded in Blackpool
1873 First underground railway built in London
1848 Matthew Hall opens leadwork business in Lambeth - later becomes the Matthew Hall Group of Companies

The history of policing the City of London is documented from the 13th century and originated with Watch and Ward, the night and day guard which protected the City. In 1784 the City formed a day police. In 1824 it numbered less than 100 men who wore a uniform consisting of a top hat, blue frock coat and blue trousers. This blue uniform was the originator of the modern police officer's uniform which became universally adopted.

When Sir Robert Peel introduced his Act for policing the Metropolis in 1829, the City was excluded. Gradually the City improved its own police force and in 1838 had a force of over 500 men. In 1839 the City of London Police Act established the Force as we know it today under the command of a commissioner.

The Force was initially organised into six divisions, each having their own police stations at Moor Lane, Snow Hill, Bridewell, Cloak Lane, Seething Lane and Bishopsgate. Over the years this was reduced. Moor Lane was destroyed by bombing in 1940 and Cloak Lane was closed to make way for a new complex in Wood Street.

Samuel Courtauld III

Mourning crape

Samuel Courtauld IV

Knitting fabric (1990's)

Weaving furnishing fabric (1990's)

Lingerie Sewing (1990's)

1685-1700
The Courtauld family came to England as Huguenot refugees.
Their main trade was as master craftsmen in gold and silver.

1775
George Courtauld I was apprenticed to a silk throwster in
Spitalfields, London.

1816
Courtaulds' business was started by Samuel Courtauld III as a
silk throwster and weaver in Braintree, Essex.

1850 to 1885
Courtaulds business was growing strongly, with particular
success in black mourning crape, which was highly
fashionable among the middle and upper classes.

1885 to 1904
The business faced crisis, as fashion turned away from formal
mourning and the partners failed to keep up with new
manufacturing methods.

1904 to 1921
The company bought the exclusive British rights to the viscose
process of making artificial silk, later to be known all over the
world as rayon. Courtaulds started a new factory in Coventry,
and after several years of surmounting the technical problems
in making good quality viscose yarn, the business became
financially sound once more. 

1921 to 1946
Samuel Courtauld IV was Chairman of the business. His
personal art collection, including significant impressionist
paintings, was made available to the public during his lifetime
and he endowed the Courtauld Institute of Art.

1946 to 1961
Post World War 2, the business modernised its manufacturing,
developed acrylic ("Courtelle") and tri-acetate ("Tricel")
fibres, and expanded internationally.

1961
ICI, the British chemical company, made an unsuccessful
takeover bid for Courtaulds.

1960's and 1970's
Courtaulds acquired and developed a wide assortment of
mainly UK-based textile and clothing businesses, in order to
provide sales channels for its man-made fibres.

Courtaulds also diversified into industrial materials such as
packaging, paint, plastics and specialist chemicals.

Early 1980's
The UK recession and the increase in international
competition placed severe pressure on Courtaulds' textiles and
clothing businesses. A major rationalisation process led to the
withdrawal from a number of commodity product businesses
which were unable to compete internationally on price.
Productivity increased significantly and financial returns were
restored to respectability.

1985 to 1989
In early 1985 Courtaulds' textiles and clothing businesses were
separated from the man-made fibre activities and combined in
a single management group. The group's strategy was to build
a more international portfolio of businesses that was able to
compete in a world of increasingly freer trade in textiles.
Several businesses were acquired, particularly in stretch fabric
and lace, and there was further withdrawal from commodity
product sectors.

The industrial materials businesses were developed with
several acquisitions.

1990 to the present
On 19 March 1990 Courtaulds was demerged into two
separate businesses: the industrial materials activities retained
the name of Courtaulds plc and the textile and clothing
activities became Courtaulds Textiles plc. This enabled each
group of businesses, which had very different customers and
different critical factors for success, to develop more strongly
on its own. The demerger into two independent companies,
both listed on the London Stock Exchange enabled Courtaulds
Textiles to pursue its own path with a greater degree of focus.
It brought about quicker and more effective shaping of the
business portfolio and permitted more detailed attention to
achieving operational improvements. Subsequently in 1998,
Courtaulds the chemical company was acquired by Akzo
Nobel, and no longer trades under the Courtaulds name.

Courtaulds Textiles has continued to pursue the broad strategy
laid down in the mid 1980's - focusing on its areas of strength
and developing internationally. The business continues to
develop its leading market positions in fabrics, branded and
other private label clothing businesses.

2000
On 9 May Sara Lee declared its offer for Courtaulds wholly
unconditional, which means that Sara Lee controls Courtaulds
with effect from that date.

Glaxo Wellcome
Our history

  
World class medicines

Glaxo Wellcome has a strong heritage of discovery in the field of prescription
medicines. Against the milestones of more than 100 years of corporate history,
the company's major brands are shown by launch date, using the primary brand
name/s - which can vary across markets.

1873
Glaxo founded as a general trading company in New Zealand by Joseph Nathan

1880
Burroughs Wellcome & Company established in London by two American
pharmacists, Henry Wellcome and Silas Burroughs

1884
The word 'tabloid' is registered as a Burroughs Wellcome & Company trade mark
describing its compressed tablets

___

1715

Plough Court pharmacy, the forerunner of Allen & Hanburys Ltd, is established in London
by Silvanus Bevan.

1800

1830

John K Smith opens his first drugstore in Philadelphia. John's younger brother, George,
joins him in 1841 to form John K Smith & Co.

1842

Thomas Beecham launches the Beecham's Pills laxative business in England. The
laxative is to become widely successful.

1850

1859

Beecham opens the world's first factory to be built solely for making medicines at St
Helens in England.

1865

Mahlon Kline joins Smith & Shoemaker - as John K Smith & Co had become - as a
bookkeeper.

1873

Joseph Nathan, who left the UK to seek new business opportunities 20 years before,
establishes a general trading company at Wellington in New Zealand - Joseph Nathan
and Co - the foundation for the Glaxo company to be formed later.

1875

Mahlon Kline took on additional responsibilities as a salesman and added many new and
large accounts. He is rewarded when the company, Mahlon K Smith & Company, is
renamed Smith, Kline & Company.

1880

Burroughs Wellcome & Company is established in London by American pharmacists
Henry Wellcome and Silas Burroughs, four years after Joseph Nathan opened a London
office.

1884

Tabloid is registered as a Burroughs Wellcome & Company trademark to describe its
compressed tablets.

1885

Thomas Beecham's company acquires headquarters on the corner of Silver Street and
Water Street, St Helens, England. Two years later, the company's new factory in St
Helens becomes the first in the area to have electricity.

1891

Smith, Kline & Company acquires French, Richards & Company, providing a greater
portfolio of consumer brands.

1900

1902

The Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories open.

A concise history of Islington

Islington has developed over time from a group of small hamlets to today's thriving and exciting multicultural inner London borough. You
can find out more about Islington's past from the Islington Museum, local history libraries or by joining one of Islington's many amenity
associations. A range of local history and contemporary books, maps, postcards and local guided walks can be purchased at our Visitor
information Centre.

Where is Islington?

Islington is just up the hill to the north of the City of London and its development has been very much influenced by its situation. Today the
name Islington is used rather loosely. To many it is the area around the Angel but, in administrative terms, it means the boundaries of
the London Borough of Islington. This includes many different areas each with their own character and history. The name Islington is
said to originate from the Celtic word Yseldon, used to describe a hilly area with springs and brooks. The Anglo-Saxons later called it
Iseldone (the name recorded in the Domesday Book in 1086) referring to the original settlement around Islington Green.

Islington today

Today Islington has a residential population of over 175,000 and is a melting pot of race, religion and social class. Its location and
excellent transport connections are major factors why people choose to live here. At one end of the scale it attracts City bankers,
celebrities and is associated with 'champagne socialism and at the other, it has more than its share of social deprivation. Islington has
a long tradition of both radicalism and tolerance, and has welcomed successive generations of refugees.

The area is also home to a thriving and varied business community ranging from light engineering to new media. Islington is very urban
and cosmopolitan in character with many delightful small and quiet 19th century squares and elegant terraces contrasting with blocks of
modern social housing and busy thoroughfares.

Water, Water everywhere

Water has played an important role in Islington's history. Health spas, teahouses and gin distilleries thrived here because of the natural
springs and wells. Islington's clean water supplied the City of London, firstly via aqueducts and conduits (over-ground pipes), and then
from 1613 via the New River, an artificial waterway constructed by Sir Hugh Myddelton, running through the heart of Islington and bringing
fresh water from Hertfordshire.

In 1820, Regent's Canal opened providing a vital link for cargo transportation from the docks at Limehouse to the Grand Union Canal at
Paddington. Much of the canal in Islington is in an 800m long tunnel that runs under the Angel and emerges just before the King's Cross
Basin. The canal is now used for pleasure, be that boating, fishing, or walking the towpath and it is also home to a small residential
houseboat community.

Eat, drink and be merry

From the Middle Ages, inns that began by catering for weary travellers on their way to and from the City, became popular amongst
Londoners who came to take the water and indulge in pursuits such as archery, bull baiting, eating and drinking, and later, theatre and
dancing. Open countryside until the end of the 18th century, Islington had several famous country venues, the original buildings now long
gone, including the Angel Inn, White Conduit House, Copenhagen House, Sadler's Wells and Highbury Barn. In the 20th century, the tradition continued with Collins Music Hall on Islington Green and Alfred Hitchcock's Gainsborough Film Studios. Sadler's Wells Theatre has recently been rebuilt and continues as a world class dance and music venue. Islington's long tradition as a place of hospitality and
entertainment is evident today, with numerous bars, restaurants and theatres.

The famous and the infamous

Islington has always been a place for non-conformists, radicals and entertainers. Lenin took a pint at the Crown' on Clerkenwell Green,
near his lodgings and Thomas Paine is said to have written 'The Rights of Man' at the Angel. Joe Orton lived and died in Noel Road with
his lover, Kenneth Halliwell. Joey Grimaldi, the most famous of clowns, lived in Exmouth Market and regularly performed at Sadler's Wells. Great music hall celebrities such as Charlie Chaplin and Marie Lloyd appeared at Collins' Music Hall.

Islington's criminal history is often glossed over. One of history's most infamous murderers, Dr. Crippen, disposed of his wife at their
home in Hilldrop Crescent and in 1914 George Joseph Smith the 'Brides-in-the-bath' murderer disposed of his 3rd wife in Waterlow
Road. London's busiest Victorian prison was in Clerkenwell and part of it can still be visited today at the House of Detention. Islington is
also home to two of the country's most famous prisons, Holloway and Pentonville.

The links with the famous continue today. The most well known (now ex) resident is Tony Blair whose former home was in Richmond
Crescent and many other celebrities, politicians and journalists have chosen to make Islington their home.

Clerkenwell and Finsbury

Clerkenwell and Finsbury have a long and fascinating history. Abundant springs and the close proximity of the City attracted religious
foundations which owned most of this land until the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII around 1540. After the Dissolution, the
land was given to the new Tudor nobility who built fine mansions. Later in the 17th century the area became more industrialised and
densely populated with craftspeople and artisans working without the restrictive regulation of the City Guilds.

Like many areas just outside the City, Clerkenwell and Finsbury became overcrowded and poorly sanitised during the 18th and 19th
centuries. Charles Dickens used Clerkenwell as a setting for his novel Oliver Twist and much of the Dickensian streetscape and street
pattern can still be found. Walking around, you quickly sense that this is an area in transition with new businesses, expensive loft
apartments, trendy bars and restaurants sitting alongside large blocks of social housing, traditional pubs and a long standing
residential community.

Angel Islington

The Angel gained its name from an old coaching inn. Some historians believe that some form of shelter existed from the 13th century,
but the Angel Inn is recorded as dating from the early 17th century. This was a popular stopping off point for City bound travellers arriving
late in the day and not willing to risk meeting lurking highwaymen on the final approach to London. The Angel gained a reputation as a
venue for social gatherings and a place for dramatic performances, a tradition, which continues today. The site of the original inn is now
occupied by a building dating from 1880. Located on the corner of Islington High Street and Pentonville Road, it is now a Co-Operative
Bank but previously housed a Lyons teahouse.

Today, thanks to the board game Monopoly, the words Islington and Angel are inseparable. The Angel is just a small area in Islington but
some consider it to be the hub of the borough.
Islington and Barnsbury

The original village of Islington was close to the Angel. Recorded in the Domesday Book, this tiny village, reputed for its fine air, remained
relatively unchanged until the mid 18th century when it began to be built up. Islington Green, where locals once had the right to pen their
livestock, still remains today despite all other rural aspects of the village being swallowed by the ever-expanding city.

By the late 18th century the area became popular with wealthy Londoners who built fine houses and squares, particularly in Barnsbury,
making it one of London's first commuter belts. In the 1770s it was recorded that 80 coaches left the city each evening bound for
suburban destinations.

The Victorians continued the suburbanisation of Islington during the 19th century, expanding along major highways such as Holloway
and Caledonian Roads, joining villages and building on much of the surrounding farmland.

The 20th century has seen many changes. Today, the terraces and squares are mostly in conservation areas and highly desirable and it
is not uncommon for houses to change hands for in excess of £1 million. However, it was not always so. After World War II, many of the
elegant Georgian houses were split into flats. During the 1960s, many buildings were in a state of disrepair and were demolished and
replaced with modern social housing. However, a campaign to stop the demolition succeeded and the architecture and character of
Islington was saved. At that time property prices were very low as Islington was seen as a run-down inner city suburb.

Canonbury

One of the oldest surviving buildings in the borough is the early 16th century Canonbury Tower, built on the site of an earlier building. The
Canonbury estate was a typical manor estate, passing from the crown to church and then to a variety of private owners following the
Dissolution. Building on the open farmland began in the early 19th century with Canonbury Square and expanded outwards.

Highbury

Highbury was a manor estate pre-dating the Norman invasion in 1066. The land passed to the Order of the Knights of St. John of
Jerusalem and was used as a country retreat by the Grand Prior. The original manor house was destroyed during the Peasant's revolt in
1381 and its ruins became know as Jack Straw's Castle, named after the London leader of the revolt. The ruins remained until 1778
when the site was cleared and a new country house was built (sadly now demolished).

Highbury started life as a hamlet and developed a reputation as a place of recreation. The infamous Highbury Barn changed from
pleasant rural gardens in which to take cakes and ales in the early 18th century, to a bawdy suburban music and performance venue
finally forced to close in 1871. During this period Highbury transformed from a rural to suburban area and today is most well known as
home to Arsenal football club.

Tufnell Park, Finsbury Park, Holloway and Archway

Apart from a few small settlements, the rest of the north of the borough remained rural and noted mainly for its dairy farms until the
Victorians started to build large estates of villas. The name Holloway first appeared in the 15th century and it refers to a ' sunk highway'.
Holloway was famous in the 18th century for producing cheesecakes, which amongst Londoners once rivalled Chelsea Buns in
popularity. Finsbury Park was no more than a collection of small cottages until the middle of the 19th century as too was Tufnell Park,
which was renowned for its extensive dairy farms. Archway was named after the bridge constructed in the early 19th century to carry
Hornsey Lane over a cutting in Highgate Hill.

London's largest cattle market, built to rival Smithfield, once stood behind Caledonian Road from 1855 to 1963. The 160 ft Caledonian
Clock Tower is now all that remains of the market and at the bottom of Crouch Hill, the exterior of the Manor Farm Dairy (now a bar)
shows scenes of dairy production a tribute to the importance of the industry to the area.

The Victorian expansion of London was encouraged by the introduction of public transport. In 1829 George Shillibeer introduced a horse
drawn omnibus, making commuting possible for those not rich enough to afford their own carriage. Shillibeer's omnibus shed can still
be seen in North Road. There is now a cavernous bar bearing his name and the original building houses a managed workspace and
the Pleasance Theatre. Later in the 19th century, the Victorians built suburban railways that made it possible for London's middle
classes to live further out of the increasingly overcrowded inner city areas such as Clerkenwell.

About the HSBC Group

Group History
The History of the HSBC Group

The HSBC Group has an international pedigree which is unique. Many of its
principal companies opened for business over a century ago and they have a
history which is rich in variety and achievement.

Foundation and Growth

The HSBC Group is named after its founding member, The Hongkong and
Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, which was established in 1865 to finance
the growing trade between China and Europe.

The inspiration behind the founding of the bank was Thomas Sutherland, a Scot
who was then working as the Hong Kong Superintendent of the Peninsular and
Oriental Steam Navigation Company. He realised that there was considerable
demand for local banking facilities in Hong Kong and the China coast, and he
helped to establish the bank in March 1865. Then, as now, The Hong Kong and
Shanghai Banking Corporation's headquarters were at 1 Queen's Road in Hong
Kong and a branch was opened in April 1865 in Shanghai.

Throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the bank established
a network of agencies and branches based mainly in China and South East Asia
but also with representation in the Indian sub-continent, Japan, Europe and North
America. In many of its branches the bank was the pioneer of modern banking
practice. From the outset, trade finance was a strong feature of the bank's business
with bullion, exchange and merchant banking also playing an important part.
Additionally, the bank also issued notes in many locations throughout the South
East Asia.

During the Second World War the bank was forced to close many of its branches
and the head office was temporarily moved to London. However, after the war the
bank played a key role in the reconstruction of the Hong Kong economy and set
about further diversifying the geographical spread of the bank.

TARMAC 1903 - 1913

It was the start of a new century. The Boer War raged, Queen Victoria's
long reign had just ended and roads across the civilised world were just
feeling the first effects of the new Age of the Motor Car.

The search was on for a material which would produce better road
surfaces.

And that was the problem worrying county survey Mr. E. Purnell Hooley

in 1901, as he passed an iron works in the Midlands town of Denby.

A barrel of tar had fallen from a dray and burst open. To avoid a

nuisance, someone from the Iron Works had thoughtfully covered the

black sticky mess with waste blast furnace slag...... and the world's first

tarmacadam surface was born by accident!

Hooley noticed that the patch of road which had been unintentionally
re-surfaced was dustless and hadn't been rutted by traffic.

So he set to work and by the following year, Hooley obtained a British patent for a method of mixing slag with tar, calling the material Tarmac.

This was in deference to John Loudon McAdam (1756-1836), source of half
Tarmac's name, whose pioneering methods of low-cost road building led to many of the Turnpike Trust roads.

By June 1903, as Orville and Wilbur Wright were preparing to make
mankind's first powered flight, Hooley formed the TarMacadam Syndicate Limited and business was brisk.

Works had been built in Denby, Derbyshire,
and Hooley also began to look to the
American market and took out a US patent
in the same year.

But the original syndicate hit financial troubles and the Tarmac
story would have ended there..... but for the financial backing it
received from Wolverhampton Member of Parliament Sir Alfred
Hickman, who owned a thriving iron works in Ettingshall.

By 1905, Sir Alfred had become chairman, changed the syndicate's
name to Tarmac Limited, moved the company to a site next to his
Staffordshire steelworks.... and the orders came flooding in.

Sir Alfred was a great benefactor of Wolverhampton, but he died in
1910 and thousands came to watch his funeral procession.

The task of improving Tarmac's fortunes fell on his son Edward, who
reported a profit in his first year to the princely sum of £4,742.

But expansion was vital and, in 1913 with profits soaring, Tarmac Limited became a public company.

December 1903 - Two American brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, made the first of four flights

in a power driven aeroplane.... the longest being 852ft. Tarmac's lifespan is the same as that of powered flight!

1906 - In their campaign to allow women the right to vote, the UK suffragette
movement tried militant methods when the peaceful ones failed. Britain's
Prime Minister Asquith was publicly assaulted and women threw themselves in
front of vehicles and chained themselves to the railings of Downing Street.

1910 - Brighton lays on a civic ceremony for the opening of a new Tarmac
road. And in the same year that Tarmac's first chairman died, so did Florence
Nightingale who had made her reputation 25 years earlier as a nurse and
hospital reformer.

April 14, 1912 - the world's largest passenger ship, the luxury liner Titanic,

hits an iceberg on her maiden voyage and sinks with the loss of 1,500 lives.

In the same year, Captain Robert Falcon Scott died in a blizzard on their
return from the South Pole. The party reached the pole after an extraordinary
struggle.... only to find arch rival explorer Amundsen, of Norway, had beaten
them by a month.

Richard Twining II now succeeded his father, together with brothers
George and John in 1818. There was to be no pause in the continued
rise of Twinings.

In 1825, the brothers diversified into banking, although early
Company ledgers suggest banking had been conducted by the family
for some time before.

The 'bank' was in a small room adjoining the Devereaux Court
warehouse, equipped with a safe and a desk and staffed by one clerk,
but it was certainly effective. By 1837, new premises to accommodate
the banking business had been erected at 215 Strand, linked to the
shop by a connecting door.

Twinings' core business, however, was always in evidence; cashiers
were often asked to redeem cheques only partly in cash, with the
balance payable in tea or coffee!

In 1892, Twining's Bank merged with Lloyd's Bank and moved to 222
Strand a few years later, where it remains as a branch of Lloyds to this
day.

In 1837 the Company received the favour of the monarch.
Queen Victoria deemed Twinings a 'Purveyor of Tea in
Ordinary to Her Majesty' and so the Company became
suppliers of tea to Her Majesty personally. Having held that
distinction for every monarch since Queen Victoria, the
Company is still honoured with coveted Royal Warrants of
Appointment to H.M. The Queen, H.M. The Queen Mother
and H.R.H. The Prince of Wales.

By the time Richard Twining III took charge in 1857,
Indian tea had arrived in England. Prices continued to fall
and tea was now affordable to all. Partnered with his
cousin, Samuel Harvey Twining, Richard's tenure saw in the
new century, with a Company branch opening in the City of
London in 1874.

© Copyright R Twining and Company Limited 1999

Chronology leading towards the Victorian era:

1600 Iris flower introduced into England

1708 Unitarian Chapel, Newington Green, enlarged in 1860.

1774-1849 John Bell, pharmacist, premises in Oxford Street

1787 Duchess of Kent public house, Charlotte Terrace

1790 Charlton Place

1791 New Terrace, Duncan Terrace, Islington

William Compton
5th Marquis of Northampton
Northampton Square wall plaque

1806 Camera Lucida patented in 1806 to help artists draw faithful portraits,

used by Ingres.

1809 Mary ? 12 November, fossil hunting, Lyme Regis, Ichthyosaur - fish

lizard, (Natural History Museum, South Kensington)

1813 Nash builds original bridge over the Archway Road

1816 Stethoscope tube made of wood invented by Laënnec, René
1781-1826, Paris
1850s two tubes join to a single chest piece

1818-1828 Joseph Grimaldi, clown lived at 56 Exmouth Market, born 1778, died 1837

1818-1819 Claremont Chapel (Crafts Council) Opened as an Independent

Congregationalist Chapel. Financed by Thomas Wilson, designed

by William Wallen. Ornamentation added in 1860
Chapel closed in 1899, Mission until 1902.

1823 Richard Sheppard of Highbury Place died on 5 April in his 62nd year
1825 Mrs Jane Sheppard, wife, died 27 August in her 75th year

1824 Leycesteria formosa plant introduced into England

1826 Cubitt's Pimlico and Belgravia (d1855)
1829 Japanese plum yew introduced into England
1820 8 years of tunnelling, 42 bridges, 12 locks
Regent's Canal in Islington, tunnel 372 yards long
Projected in 1811, 1819 Plan of progress
Maiden Lane Bridge to Sturt Lock, 8.5 miles
Thomas Homer, financier, speculator, and architect John Nash
1812 Regent's Canal Act
James Morgan, engineer
Opened 1 August 1820
1840 Thomas Pickford Ltd of City Road Basin had the largest fleet of 120
canal barges and horses
1837 Euston Station competes with the canal!

1834 Palace of Westminster burnt down 16 October.

1808 - 1877 Caroline Chisholm, philanthropist, the immigrant's friend lived at 32 Charlton Crescent, plaque

Sydney Herbert on statue off Pall Mall at Lower Regent Street

John, First Lord Lawrence, ruler of the Punjaubs
Sepoy Mutiny 1857
Viceroy of India 1864-1869

Sir Thomas Lipton's mother was born in Monaghan
Had a small hand and sold eggs so that they looked larger in her hand!

1838 Phelps Cottage, 357 Upper Street

1835 Tower Menagerie, forerunner of Regent's Park Zoo
1841 Store House near White Tower burns down, City of London

1842 Illustrated London News first printed in May 11
1842 Penny Black postage stamp introduced

1844 Dr Christopher Rawson Penfold, established vineyard in South Eastern Australia

1846 Ether used as an anaesthetic on 16 October, Boston USA by William Morton, inhaler, Dr John Warren, surgeon

1847 Thomas Edison born

1850 First Chinese junk to sail to the West

1850 Ophthalmoscope invented to examine back of eye
J Gardner & Son, Edinburgh

1850s LeBlanc soda plant

1851 Eel Pie House near Finsbury park on New River

1851 The York public house, rebuilt 1872, 82 Islington High Street

? Fredericks / Duke of Sussex, 106 Islington High Street

1853-1936 Sir Henry Wellcome FRS

1853 At Greenwich, an obelisk dedicated:
To the intrepid young
BELLOT
of the French navy
who in the endeavour to rescue
FRANKLIN
shared the fate and the glory
of that illustrious navigator.
From his British admirers

1858 Can opener finally invented, decades after invention of tin can.

1860s Sphygmograph, blood pressure

1860 Peter Griess, German chemist working in Burton-on-Trent developing the Azo group, the colour group of chemicals

1860s Childbirth, Ellis inhaler, alcohol, chloroform, ether mix!

1861 Albertopolis in South Kensington

1861 Post Office Savings Bank

1862 William Perkin's "mauve" shown at the Great Exhibition
Perkins had tried to make quinine but ended up with blue dye!

1862 premises used by Waterstones, Islington Green
rebuilt 1897
Collin's Music Hall 1862-1958

1863 Origin of Red Cross

1863 Ernest Solvay, chemical engineer, Belgium, soda
1863 Alkali Act

1863-64 Plaque on Elizabeth Garrett Anderson School,
James "Bronterre" O'Brien, 1805-1864
Democrat & Chartist
lived at 20 Hermes Street, near this site

1864 St John's National School rebuilt, Conewood Street, Highbury Vale

1865 Salvation Army founded

1865 International Telecommunications Union
1865-66 St Saviour's Anglican Church, Aberdeen Park, William White architect.

1866 Death of Robert Burns?

1868 Trades Union Congress

1868 Joseph Lister, Glasgow, born Essex 1827, carbolic acid - phenol to combat sepsis

1868 The first traffic lights were installed in Westminster, gas operated

1870 Penny Black public house, 106 Farringdon Road

1871 Religious tests at the universities were abolished

1871 John Tyndall, 1820-1893, demonstrated germs floating in the air

1870s Horse drawn trams

1874 Albert Grant gives Leicester Square gardens in perpetuity

1876 William Oswald, 32 Highbury New Park, youngest son of William

Oswald of H Ms Dockyard, Deptford, Kent, died 11 September in his 82nd year

1877 Joseph Lister, steam spray, a mist of antiseptic carbolic.
1827-1912 Lister (Lord)

1879 (1631) The Royal Mail public house, 153 Upper Street, Islington

1879 Electric light bulb invented

1880-1958 Marie Carmichael Stopes
Dr Reginald Ruggold Gates, first husband, not consummated
Japan - Professor Fuji
Birth Control, "Married Love", "Wise Parenthood"
Mr Humphrey Burdet-Rowe, second husband
www.bbc.co.uk/history

1881 Japanese capsura tree introduced into England

1883 Highbury Park Buildings

1884 Henry Hyndman founded the Social Democratic Federation
plaque 54 Colebrook Row

1885 Gottlieb Daimler's 1883 engine is improved and patented in Germany
29 August, Daimler's "Riding Car" is the world's first motorbike
In November son Adolf Daimler rides from Cannstatt to Untertürkheim reaching speeds of up to 12 kmph
October, Karl Benz commences test drives with his three-wheeled motocar in Mannheim

1887 Lipman electrometer

1888 22-32 Leigh Road, Highbury, built

1888 Lord's cricket ground; record set for most wickets to fall in a day

after overnight rain play did not start until mid-afternoon and the

pitch is a strip of mud. Twenty-seven wickets fell on the second day

before Australia beat England by 61 runs.

1889 Elizabeth Oswald, widow or 66 Highbury Park, eldest daughter of the late William Laing of Deptford near Sunderland, died 7 October in her 85th year

1891 Commercial synthesis of organic dye indigo
Dr Rudolph Knietsch, BASF

1892 Green Lanes, 40-45 Newington Green Mansions

1892 Long distance telephone calls

1894 St Mary Magdalene gardens laid out, originally built as a chapel

1895 The first petrol driven car in England used by the Honorable Evelyn Ellis

1896 30 July, Mount Zion Chapel Sunday School, 71 White Lion Street

1897 David Kirkcaldy, 99 Southwark Street, engineer "Facts not Opinions"
Deceased. Calculated reason for Tay Bridge collapse, tension and compression

1898 The General Picton public house, Wharfdale Road

1898 HSBC, Lion House, White Lion Street, rebuilt on site, 1714

1898 Entenmann's Inc, New York, Chicago, Miami, fined baked goods

1900 White Lion Centre, White Lion Street

1900 The City of London Imperial Volunteers
Alfred George Eatly, Private in this regiment and Lance corporal in the 1st London Royal Engineer Volunteers,
Son of George Eatly and Sarah his wife
He died at Pretoria on the 18th of June 1900 during the
South African Campaign, aged 20 years

1901 First electric tram, Shepherd's Bush to Acton

Reading list

History in a Hurry,
Victorians. John Farman, MacMillan ISBN 0-330-35253-9

p13
1875 Disraeli effectively buys the Suez Canal giving Britain immense power in the Middle East.
This made the journey to China shorter than rounding the Cape of Good Hope.
p14
1888 Education made free at last.
1888 Victoria's grandson becomes Kaiser Wilhelm III of Germany
1900 Foundation of the Labour Party

Schools in Victorian Times,
Margaret Stephen, Wayland ISBN 0-7502-1829-0

pp28-29
1870 Education Act makes school compulsory for most children in England
1872 Scottish Education Act passed. School Boards set up in every parish to make sure that there were enough schools for all the children.
1880 Education made compulsory for all children from the age of five to the age of ten.
1899 School leaving age raised to twelve years.
1902 Britain has a system of free education for all children.

Victorian Britain,
Jane Shuter and Adam Hook, Heinemann Educational ISBN 0-435-04364-1

p14
1819 No child under nine to work in cotton mills, those under 16 could only work twelve hours a day.
1833 Children aged 9 - 13 could only work 9 hours a day and they should have two hours a day at school. Children aged 13 - 16 should only work 12 hours a day. No-one under 18 could work through the night.
1867 All factory workers on a 10 hour day.
p22
The original sketch by Joseph Paxton for the Great Exhibition was done on blotting paper during a meeting.
pp28-29
The Railway Station painted in 1862 by W P Frith, his family is in the foreground. He painted this using a set of photographs of Paddington Station taken by a friend.
p54
Middle class houses in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea.
p63
An early motor car photographed in 1895.

A Victorian Factory,
Lyn Gash and Sheila Watson, Wayland ISBN 0-7502-0794-9

p11 Workers returning home from Colman's factory in Norwich.
p16 Robert Owen was the owner of cotton mills in New Lanark in Scotland.
p17 1890, a kindergarten set up in 1857 at Carrow School, Colman's Factory, Norwich.
p18 Children working at a Coat's thread factory.
p19 Cadbury's factory outing 1880.
p20 1834, six farm workers from Tolpuddle in Dorset were transported to Australia and forbidden to return for 7 years. This was because they asked new trade union members to take a secret oath which was forbidden by law. later pardoned and allowed to return home.
p29 1888, London matchgirls' strike.

History of Britain,
Queen Victoria. Andrew Langley, Hamlyn, ISBN 0-600-58615-4

p23 1843 Queen buys Osborne House
1847 Queen buys Balmoral
p17 1861, painting, the death of Prince Albert at Windsor Castle of typhoid.
1883 Death of John Brown

Daily Life in a Victorian House,
Laura Wilson, Hamlyn, ISBN 0-600-57986-7

pp44-45
1848 Karl Marx and Engels publish the Communist manifesto
1859 Charles Darwin's Origin of Species outlines the theory of evolution.
1867 Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel manufactures dynamite.
1867 Karl Marx publishes Das Kapital, a critical study of capitalism.
1870 Elizabeth Garret Anderson is the first woman to qualify as a doctor
1879 The Zulus defeat the British at the battle of Isandlhwana and are then defeated at Ulundi.
1880 Construction work on the Panama Canal begins.
1881 Electricity in houses and streets for the first time in Britain.
1881 The first Boer War, independence of Transvaal recognised.
1881 Tsar Alexander II of Russia is assassinated by terrorists' bombs.
Alexander III succeeds him but uses harsh policies to suppress revolutionaries.
1883 the Russian Marxist party is founded
1885 Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler build a single cylinder car and patent a petrol engine.
1886 Coca-Cola invented in America
1888 Scotsman John Dunlop invents the pneumatic tyre
1889 The Eiffel Tower is built in Paris
1893 Kier Hardie founds the Independent Labour Party
1900 German aeronaut Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin launches the first rigid airship.

The Industrial Revolution,
R W Hart, Wayland, ISBN 85340-437-2

1814 The Times newspaper first used a steam-operated Koenig printing press
1824 The first "mackintoshes' made
1830 Liverpool to Manchester Railway opened.
1833 Emancipation of slaves enforced by Royal Navy cruising off the African coast
1838 London to Birmingham railway built
1856 Bessemer steel converter first used
1857 Aniline, a mauve dye, for textiles discovered.
1890 the London "tube" railway opened
1892 Rayon developed, artificial silk.
-- The Laxey water wheel on the Isle of Man.
1779 Abraham Darby of Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, builds the famous Iron Bridge over the River Severn
1862 Brunel's Clifton suspension bridge completed after his death.

Short Oxford History of The British Isles
The Nineteenth Century
Colin Matthew
Oxford
ISBN 0-19-873143-4

p1, plate 2 1888, the Forth Rail Bridge under construction
pp19-20 Footnote about the restrictions on access to university education and the professions because of the requirements of the Anglican church excluding Catholics and non-conformists and secularists.

p306 1820 Thomas Cubitt starts building in London.
p307 1823 work begins on Robert Smirke's British Museum
1823 Demerara slave rebellion
Anti-slavery Society founded
p307 1825 John Nash begins work on Buckingham Palace
1827 Liverpool resigns, Canning prime minister, then Goderich
1829 Metropolitan police introduced by Peel
1829 Catholic Emancipation Act
1831 Arrival of cholera
1831 Jamaican slave rebellion
1833 End of monopoly on tea
1833 Act of Emancipation end slavery in British colonies
p309 1834 National Gallery, London
1839-42 First Opium War
1840-1860 Barry's Palace of Westminster built, largest in world
1842 Opening of Pentonville Prison
1842 Treaty of Nanking ends Opium War, Hong Kong acquired
Victoria Harbour, Victoria Peak and Victoria, capital, named after Queen Victoria.
1844 Bank Charter Act
1844 Decimus Burton's Kew Palm House
1845 Irish potato famine begins
1854 Crimean War starts
1854 Great Exhibition "Crystal Palace" moved to Sydenham and name of Crystal Palace is established in south London.
1859 Darwin, On the Origin of Species
1861 William Morris's craft firm founded
1864 Metropolitan Railway, partly underground, opens in London
1868 Telegraph network nationalised
Last public execution
End of transportation of criminals
1869 Suez Canal opened
1871 Darwin, The Descent of Man
Eliot, Middlemarch
1872 Controls on adulteration of food and drink
1873 Gull identifies anorexia nervosa
1876 Royal Titles Act makes Victoria empress of India
1878 Salvation Army founded
1885 Secretary of State for Scotland
1896 Daily Mail begins publication
1897 C R Mackintosh, Glasgow School of Art
1898 Hong Kong enlarged by lease of 'New Territories' on Chinese mainland.
1900 Boxer Rising in China
1901 Death of Queen Victoria, 22 January, Edward VII king.
1901 B Seebohm Rowntree, Poverty, a Study of Town Life

Arts & Crafts,
James Massey & Shirley Maxwell, Abbeville Press ISBN 0-7892-0010-4

pp10-11
Eadweard Muybridge, 1830-1904
1887, sequential still photographs published in book entitled Animal Locomotion
pp18-19
1859 Philip Webb, William Morris's Red House, Bexleyheath, Kent. p23 sketch
pp24-25
Charles Rennie Mackintosh, 1868-1928, Hill House 1904
p32
1875, Arthur Lasenby Liberty opens Liberty & Company, London
1925 new building complex with half-timbered facade

Her Little Majesty
the Life of Queen Victoria
Carolly Erikson
Simon and Schuster
ISBN 0-684-80765-3

Thirteen drawings and photographs of Victoria at various ages throughout her life

Introduction to
Victorian Style
David Crowley
Eagle Editions
ISBN 1-902328-19-1

Lavishly illustrated in colour, p91, Pears' soap advert painted by Millais
pp120-121 Theatrical advertisements

Letters home from
The Crimea
A young cavalryman's campaign from Balaklava and Sebastopol to victory
Edited by Philip Warner
The Windrush Press, Gloucestershire
ISBN 1-900624-24-9
May 1854, young officer in 5th Dragoon Guards, Richard Temple Godman
Returned June 1856.
Unusual views on role of women in hospitals - 'a sort of fanaticism'.
Early war photographs by Roger Fenton and James Robertson
Horrible Histories

The Vile Victorians
Terry Deary
Hippo, Scholastic Children's Books
ISBN 0-590-55466-2

1838 Northumberland girl, Grace Darling, rescues five survivors of a shipwreck
1851 The first cigarettes are sold in Britain
1852 The first men's flushing public toilet opens in London
1868 Joseph Lister, surgeon uses a disinfectant, Phenol; deaths after surgery fall from 45 per cent to just 15 per cent.
1874 Mr Boot opens a chemist's shop

History of Britain
Victorian Britain
Andrew Langley
Hamlyn
ISBN 0-600-58088-1

Victorian Life
by John Guy
Snapping-Turtle Guide
ISBN 1-86007-005-1
p18 Advert for the Express Dairy Company Ltd, College Farm, Finchley

I was there
Industrial Revolution
John D Clare
The Bodley Head
ISBN 0-370-31835-8

Timeline in back cover
1864 Pasteur discovers that germs cause disease

Warrior
The first modern battleship
Walter Brownlee
Cambridge Educational
ISBN 0-251-27579-2

First steel hulled warship with steam and sail, under construction in 1859

S S Great Britain
Greywell Press, booklet
1834 Launched as an Atlantic liner, steel hulled, screw driven
designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel

Beatrix Potter
John Malam
Evans Brothers Limited
ISBN 0-237-51761-2

Born in London 28 July 1866
Wrote diary in code, Jan 31 1890
Annie Carter, Beatrix's governess and friend
1890 Annie's son Noel received illustrated letter from Beatrix
with characters Flopsy, Mopsy, Cottontail and Peter
1901 The Tale of Peter Rabbit published by herself.
Book published in colour by Frederick Warne & Company
Bought a farm in the village of Sawrey, Hill Top Farm.
William Heelis, solicitor, married in 1913.
1943 Died aged 77

Two Lives
Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole
Eric L Huntley
Bogle-L'ouverture Press BLP
ISBN 0-904521-91-5

Florence Nightingale
born 1820 in Florence, Italy
Sister named Parthenope, born in Naples
Mother Fanny
House named Lea Hurst in Derbyshire
Larger house at Elmsley Park near Romsey, Hampshire
1840 Penny post introduced by Roland Hill, encouraged letter writing
Family income from coal and iron mines, slaves, sugar, cotton and spices.
Attended lecture by Michael Faraday on Electricity
1852 Travels to Kaiserwerth in Germany to train as a nurse for three months and then to Paris.
Obtains position as supervisor at 1 Harley Street, a sanitarium for sick gentlewomen and governesses.
1853 Crimean War intervenes
After the war she went to see Queen Victoria
Nightingale Fund moneys used to train nurses in school attached to St Thomas's Hospital, Waterloo.
Died 13 August 1910

Mary Jane Seacole
Creole, born Kingston, Jamaica, 1805, African mother, Scottish father an officer with the 96th Regiment, Mr Grant.
Battle of Trafalgar being fought off the coast of Spain
1831 African strikes, rebellion led by Samuel Sharpe
Aged 12 travels to Bristol, 1817, and by coach to London
1836 marries Edwin Horatio Seacole in Jamaica.
Husband and mother soon die!
1843 House burnt down
1853 Yellow fever breaks out in Jamaica
Mr Day finances her journey to serve as a nurse in the Crimea.
January 1855 sails on steamship Hollander, arrive at Sebastopol
She met Florence Nightingale at Scutari.
Her services came to the attention of W H Russell, war correspondent to The Times.
Received Crimea Medal from British Government
Received Legion d'Honneur from the French
Received the Order of the Mejidie from the Turks
1 May 1881, died at 3 Cambridge Street, Paddington.
Buried at Kensal Rise Cemetery in North London.

History in Writing
The Industrial Revolution
Stewart Ross
Evans Brothers Limited
ISBN 0-237-51869-4

Friedrich Engels, 1820-1895, son of German textile manufacturer, came to England to look after father's businesses. 1845 "The Condition of the Working Class in England"

Henry Hallam, 1777-1859, 1818 "Europe During the Middle Ages"

Welsh businessman Robert Owen, 1771-1858, 1800 takes over New Lanark Mills in Scotland

Robert Peel's prosperous cotton mills around Bury in Lancashire.

The Duke of Bedford, owner of Covent Garden enjoyed an income of £300,000 a year when £300 a year were more than adequate.
Karl Marx, German thinker and founder of Communism, Communist Manifesto 1848 with Friedrich Engels.

Alfred Krupp, 1812-1887, Essen, steel making 1837 arms manufacture with British scientist's Bessemer converter, Sir Henry Bessemer.

Finding out about
Victorian Social Reformers
Michael Rawcliffe
B T Batsford Limited
ISBN 0-7134-5051-7

1848 Beatrice Webb ( née Potter) born
1888 Match girl strike at Bryant & May's factory
Beatrice Webb takes up their cause

Fabian Socialists, Fabian Society founded 1884

Annie Besant

Charles Booth's Poverty Maps of 1889

William Booth and the Salvation Army

Edwin Chadwick and Public Health, Manchester born lawyer, London, Poor Laws

Joseph Chamberlain, Mayor of Birmingham 1870s, a reforming mayor
1876 water works transferred to the corporation.
Radical Reformer
"intemperance"
"gross ignorance of the masses"
"shameful homes"

James Greenwood, the Daily Telegraph

Octavia Hill and housing the poor, 1875

Seebohm Rowntree, York

Titus Salt, woollen manufacturer, Bradford, Mayor 1848-9, successful businessman, model employer. Factory on Aire valley called Saltaire.
Model town started in 1851, completed over 20 years

Anthony Ashley Cooper, The 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
Mines Act of 1842
Climbing Boys Act 1875, forbade child sweeps
Factory Acts
Truck Act
Ten Hours' Bill
1846 Ragged School Union

Living Through History
Radicals, Railways and Reform
Britain 1815-1851
Richard Tames
Batsford
ISBN 0-7134-5264-1

1843 People's Charter

Jeremy Bentham, 1748-1832, founder of University College, London
(Sits preserved in the entrance hall!)

1816 Cobbett's Political Register, cheap edition
1817 Blackwood's Magazine
1823 The Lancet
1828 The Spectator
1841 Punch
1843 The Economist
1817 The Scotsman
1822 The Sunday Times
1827 The Evening Standard
1843 The News of the World

1822 Royal Asiatic Society, eastern languages
1822 Royal Academy of Music
1826 Royal Zoological Society
1830 Royal Geographical Society
1850 Royal Meteorological Society

1824 National Gallery
1841 London Library
1850 Public Libraries Act

1826 University College - regardless of religions or political views
King's College founded by Duke of Wellington and others in opposition to the "godless college"
1850 North London Collegiate School for Girls

1852 Duke of Wellington dies - end of an era.
Arthur Wesley (Wellesley) Anglo-Irish aristocrat
The Iron Duke 1769 - 1852
Defeated Napoleon at Waterloo
1828 Wellington agrees to serve as Prime Minister, "a dictatorship of patriotism"
Catholic Emancipation, Peel persuades Wellington
1830 Wellington resigns
Apsley House windows smashed

REFORMERS

Robert Owen, 1816, nursery education, town planning
Edwin Chadwick, sanitary reform, clean water
Thomas Arnold,
Lord Shaftesbury, better treatment of lunatics, harsher treatment of bad employers
William Cobbett, 1763 - 1835, Farnham, Surrey, Hated tea and taxes
1830-31 Rick burning and rioting, Wellington out, Grey in, Reform Bill

Robert Owen 1771-1858
Born in Newtown, Montgomeryshire
Successful capitalist who coined the word Socialist
Textile business, Manchester
New Lanark, Glasgow, textile mills
1824 Owen went to America, 30,000 acres in Indiana, New Harmony - failed.
1828 Owen withdraws
1832 established National Equitable Labour Exchange
Edwin Chadwick 1800 - 1890
1842 Unhealthy cities, drains

Reverend Doctor Thomas Arnold 1795-1842
Had a son named Matthew who was an inspector of schools and a daughter who married W E Forster, promoter of Education Act 1870.
Read: Thomas Hughes' novel "Tom Brown's Schooldays"

Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury 1801-1885
Opposed 1832 Reform Act
Supported 1833 Factory Act
Supported Anti-Slavery Movement
Supported end of Climbing Boys
Supported 1842 Mines Act
Supported 1844 Factory Act
1844 established Ragged Schools Union
Supported 1845 Lunacy Act
Florence Nightingale once remarked rather acidly "Lord Shaftesbury would have been in a lunatic asylum if he had not devoted himself to reforming lunatic asylums"
1848 Cholera in London
Supported the 1850 Factory Act

Elizabeth Gaskell 1810-1865
Born Elizabeth Stephenson, Chelsea, Unitarian
Married in Knutsford, Cheshire to Unitarian minister
1848 Book "Mary Barton, a tale of Manchester Life"
Praised by Thomas Carlyle and Charles Dickens
1853 Second book, "Cranford"
1853 "Ruth" was publicly burned
Praised by Charles Dickens, Charles Kingsley, Caroline Brontë and Florence Nightingale
1855 "North and South"
1855 Charlotte Brontë died, "Life of Charlotte Brontë" written by Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot cried when she read it.

Elizabeth Fry, Quaker prison reformer

Thomas Fowell Buxton 1786-1845
Born in Essex, died in Norfolk
He was Elizabeth Fry's brother-in-law and an ally to William Wilberforce
Spitalfields weaver, Newgate prisoners
Ended slavery in the West Indies
Spread Christianity in Africa
· Truman, Hanbury, Buxton - 1782
Gurney, Norwich Quaker family
Elizabeth Fry
1808 Buxton joins family brewing business
· Education
1816 Supported Elizabeth Fry on Prison Reform
1818 MP for Weymouth - 1807 Slavery abolished
1834 Compensation £20 million - Wilberforce dying, 5ft tall
800,000 slaves Buxton, the elephant!
1837 Election
1840 Made baronet
1841 Niger expedition
1845 died

George Hudson 1800-1871
The Railway King
North Midland Railway and a local bank
1839 York and Midland Railway
1843 Midland Railway Company
1844 Railway mania
Home in Knightsbridge and country house in Yorkshire
1846 Lord mayor of York
Newcastle and Berwick Railway Company
Great North of England Railway
Eastern Counties Railway
1847 Value of railway shares fell rapidly
1865 Hudson spent three months in prison for an unpaid debt

Robert Stephenson 1803-1859
His father George Stephenson was the father of railways
George Stephenson was a self-taught engineer
Stockton and Darlington railway
Liverpool and Manchester Railway
On Forth Street in Newcastle he owned a building which was the headquarters of Robert Stephenson and Company
Spent three years in Colombia
The Canterbury and Whitstable Railway
Lancashire Witch
1829 Rainhill Trials - Stephenson's Rocket wins
Leicester and Swannington
1838 London to Birmingham opened after 4 years
1842 Wife dies of cancer
1849 Queen Victoria opens High Level Bridge across Tyne at Newcastle
Built Norway's first railway line
Built railway line in Egypt
Built railway line in Montreal, Canada
First engineer to become a millionaire
1847 Maiden speech in House of Commons supporting the Great Exhibition as MP for Whitby
1856 8,000 miles of railways. Institution of Civil Engineers, 20,000,000 tons of coal per annum
1859 Died at the age of 56
Buried next to Thomas Telford in Westminster Abbey

Isambard Kingdom Brunel 1803 - 1859
Son of Marc Brunel, French engineer, fled French revolution

1827 Building tunnel under River Thames.
1835-1864 Building Avon Gorge Bridge, Bristol, completed five years after his death.
Bristol to London Great Western Railway completed in 1841
1841 Queen Victoria travelled from Paddington to Slough, first monarch to do so.

Steamships
S.S. Great Western, voyage to New York in 15 days.
1846 - storm in Ireland
23 years to and from Australia
Prefabricated hospital for Crimean War
1857 Bridging River Tamar, The Royal Albert Bridge, Saltash.
John Scott Russell and Brunel fall out on building the S S Great Eastern
1858 31 January, "Leviathan" finally launched
1858 in Cairo with Stephenson
1859 5 September Brunel suffers stroke
1859 8 September, proving trials
1859 15 September Brunel died.

Joseph Paxton 1803-1865
Lived in Bedfordshire
Duke of Devonshire employs Paxton at Chatsworth House
1827 January, he marries Sarah Bown, the housekeeper's niece
1840 Builds the Great Conservatory at Chatsworth House
1843 Devised brilliant illumination to mark visit by Queen Victoria and the Duke of Wellington
1844 Visit by Tsar Nicholas I of Russia
Planned Chatsworth Emperor Fountain but Tsar was too busy to visit
1848 Acquaintances: George Hudson, Thomas Brassey, Robert Stephenson and Charles Dickens
1836 He grew the Victoria amazonica lily
1850 January, Royal Commission for the Great Exhibition, 245 designs submitted
Paxton submitted his design in July written on blotting paper during a meeting. The working drawings were completed in just 9 days! Fox and Henderson Railway Manufacturers supplied iron columns and
girders.
The building was completed in just 6 months and Punch magazine christened in the Crystal Palace.
After the exhibition it was taken apart and reerected at Penge Place in Sydenham.
Worked at Mentmore, Buckinghamshire for Baron Mayer Rothschild
1854 Elected MP
1857 Elected MP
1859 Elected MP
1865 died and tomb at Edensor

James Dawson Burn c1800 - c1885
1855 Autography "A Beggar Boy"
Brought up by William McNamee, drunken ex-soldier
At age 15 goes to Ireland to live with his father, a weaver and a small holder
At age 16 he returns to his mother who has remarried
At age 19 he becomes a hatter
1830 - 1850 lived in Glasgow
1837 Wife died
1853 - 1855 He had a job as a debt collector
1871 - 1881 He was an inspector of stores for Great Eastern Railway

Emmanuel Lovekin 1820 - 1905
Born in Tunstall, Staffordshire. Methodist
When he was 7-and-a-half he worked in a coal mine as a trapper
When 13 he broke his thigh and spent 3 months in bed
Learn to read
Joined the Chartists
1843 Married Edna Simcock

James Watson 1795-1875
Born in Malton, Yorkshire
At 18 went to Leeds
He read William Cobbett's "Register" and Richard Carlile's "Republican" - he was a freethinker
Imprisoned
Ran Carlile's shop
Learned printing; encountered Owenism
Managed co-operative store
1833 Convicted of selling Poor Man's Guardian
"Tolpuddle Martyrs" Meeting
1835 Married
Joined Chartists
Owenism
1853 London Secular Society
"Progress"

Abraham Darby (television programme)
1779 Cast iron smelted with coke, Ironbridge
Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire mills
Halifax, cotton industry
1779 Peace Hall

Richard Arkwright, spinning
Cromford, Derby
Massingham Mill
Ashington, Northumberland, back-to-back housing
1861 Two room households, 1 living, 1 sleeping for whole family
50% of children died before the age of 5

Bethesda, Snowdonia, slate quarries
Blynau Festiniog (?)

Glasgow; ships, coal, steel, heavy engineering, Yarrow ship yard
Glasgow Conservatory - glazed
Tenement buildings for working class
5 year olds employed by mill owners
1770-1830 National income doubled

Robert Owen, New Lanark Mills, Strathclyde
1812 Ten and a half hour working day
1816 Infant schooling, 14 teachers, 274 pupils
No corporal punishment
Care and compassion for workforce

Large Brick Industry
Manningham Mill, Bradford
1853 Sir Titus Salt, Saltair Mill
850 houses, church, shops, hospital, alms houses, lecture theatre, two schools, dining hall, breakfast, lunch, supper
No public house, no alcohol
Public baths

1850-1880 £100m - £200m exports expansion

1761 Worsley - canal
Navigators dug thousands of miles of canals
Duke of Bridgewater, mines delivering coal

Ayre and Calder canal for power station, 15 miles of canal

Oxford canal weaving about on contour level at Banbury, Warwickshire

Then locks; Bingley, Yorkshire, 5 rise locks, a rise of 20 metres
Cairn Hill, a flight with reservoirs

Thomas Telford, River Dee, Pontisilty, aqueduct with 16 arches

Sailing ships, Falmouth, tall ships
1885 One third of all the world's ships were British
Tea clippers from Liverpool
Cotton and the Slave Trade, The Triangle
1807 Slave Trade abolished in Britain
1825 Stockton and Darlington Railway; Locomotion I, George Stephenson
Steam engines used in coal mining, Nottingham and South Wales
Hawkes & Co, Beamish Forge
1845 Albert Docks, Liverpool, columns

Victorian literature

Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens

Middlemarch, George Eliot

Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-062022-2

Emma, Jane Austen, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-062010-9

Great Expectations, Charles Dickens, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-062016-8

Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontë, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-062011-7

Company Histories and Branded Products

Brief chronology:

1706 Twining Tea Company

1745 Royal Naval Hospital, Haslar, Gosport, biggest brick building in Europe
James Lind, scurvy medicine

1750 Andrew Drybrough, brewing, Talbooth Wynde, Edinburgh
1892 Railways at Waverley Station displace Drybrough's to Craigmillar
along with seven brewers at spring in Pentlands

1784 Henry Hollins, weaver
1792 Start-rite Shoes of Norwich set up by James Smith

1826 John Horniman, tea company

1829 Shillibear's horse drawn omnibus shed, North Road, Islington

1830 Price's Patent Candle Company Limited established

1830's Cubitts build Covent Garden Market

1837 Peninsular Steam Navigation Company founded, (ultimately P&O)
by Brodie McGhie Willcox and Arthur Anderson
to carry mails between Falmouth and Gibraltar

1832 M Samuel & Co, merchant, ultimately Hill Samuel & Co
1897 Shell Transport & Trading Co

1839 Stoddard Templeton, weavers of fine carpets in Scotland

1839-1840 Robert Napier and George Burns form Cunard Line Shipping Co.

1840 James Pimm establishes Pimm's, alcoholic drink.
1844 Weavers. Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers. (Co-op)

1859 Henri Dunant, Swiss International Red Cross
1864 1st Geneva Convention, share of first Nobel Peace Prize

1867 Dr Barnardo opens East End juvenile mission

George Peabody
1865 Peabody Square, Greenman Street, Islington N1
Architect Henry Astley Darbishire (1825-1899)
Builders Patman & Fotheringham
1888 Builders William Cubitt & Co

1870-1910 Industrialisation of Japan
Yukichi Fukuzawa rejects traditions of Samurai and studies at Osaka school, learning from Dutch merchants.
Fukuzawa learnt English, visited London, watched Parliament and concluded that for Japan to modernise it must westernise.
1880 Fukuzawa formed a businessman's club - now run by Seiko

1876 Warburton's family bakers, Bolton

1881 R G Laurie, bagpipe makers

1886 Whittard, tea merchants

1886 Charles E Taylor and Co of Harrogate, Tea merchants

1871? 1888 Bryant and May matches

1887 Nairn linoleum

1891 Barings Bank, funded railway building in Russia for Tsar.

1896 Rombouts, Belgium

1890's Warwick Castle, Frances, Countess of Warwick

1898 Entenmann's bakery, refugees from Eastern Europe (Russia?)
New York, Chicago, Miami

1901 Tarmac, 1976 acquired Cubitts

Terry's Suchard, York ?

Seed Companies

Carters Tested Seeds
Torquay

Thompson & Morgan
1855 Thompson & Morgan (Ipswich) Ltd, established

Mr Fothergill's Seeds Ltd
Newmarket

Suttons
Torquay
1890 Beet Egyptian Turnip Rooted introduced

Company Histories and Branded Products

Company details:

Tarmac 1903
1901 Mr E Purnell Hooley, Denby
tar, slag, tarmacadam
John Loudon McAdam, 1756-1836, Turnpike Trust

Wilkin & Sons
1885 Tiptree, Essex, jam manufacturers

Van den Bergh Foods
1869 Mège Mouriès patented margarine
1900 Jurgens registered "Stork" trademark in London in August
1920s Stork margarine

Barclay's Bank
The Quaker bank

1806 Clarence Birdseye Frozen Foods
Wall's Meat Pie and Sausage business

Harland and Wolff, Belfast

1791 William Ritchie
Isambard Kingdom Brunel, S S Great Britain, Bristol

Barnardo's
www.barnardos.org.uk
1845 Thomas Barnardo born in Dublin
Aged 16 converted to Protestant evangelicalism
Joined Open Brethren
1866 Travels to London to train as a medical missionary in China
1866 Cholera outbreak in East End of London
1867 Opened East End Juvenile Mission, Stepney Ragged School
1905 Dr Barnardo dies

Quaker Oats
1838-39 Railway reaches Southall
1850 John Stuart goes to Canada, forms Quaker Oats Co of Chicago
1899 Quaker Oats Limited
Scotts Porage Oats

Harrods
1834 Charles Henry Harrod, born 1799, is a grocery and tea merchant at Cable Street, Stepney, East London.
1849 Opens grocer's shop in Knightsbridge, 8 Middle Queen's Building -later Brompton Road
1851 The Great Exhibition
1861 Charles Digby Harrod, son of Charles Henry Harrod buys store from father
1879 Charles Digby Harrod acquired 101 and 103 Brompton Road
1880 100 staff
1883 6 December fire!
1884 New store designed
1885 Account customers: Oscar Wilde
Lillie Langtry
Ellen Terry
1889 Floated on Stock Market
1891 Richard Burbidge, general manager
1893 fashion department
1894 Fur salon, restaurant, hairdressing, photography, bank, estate agency, piano department
First January Sale or "Winter Clearance"
1898 First escalator in Britain
1901 C W Stephens designs terracotta facade for store.

P&O
(Peninsular and orient Steam Navigation Company)
1822 Partnership between Brodie McGhie Willcox, a London shipbroker, and a Shetland-born former Royal Navy clerk named Arthur Anderson
1835 Join forces with Captain Richard Bourne, a Dublin shipowner.
1837 Peninsular Steam Navigation Company founded, (ultimately P&O)
by Brodie McGhie Willcox and Arthur Anderson
to carry mails between Falmouth and Gibraltar
1840 Contract to run a monthly mail to Alexandria, Egypt
1843 Calcutta to Suez line opened
1844 William Thackeray, novelist, made a series of journeys aboard P&O ships in the Mediterranean, published in memoirs "Notes of a journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo"
1845 Services reach Singapore and Hong Kong
1852 Services extended to Sydney
1862 Peninsular service abandoned
1869 French complete building of Suez Canal
1872 Thomas Sutherland, previously manager in P&O Hong Kong, becomes managing director
1881 Thomas Sutherland becomes chairman
Larger and faster ships ordered from Caird & Co, Greenock
British terminus moved to London from Southampton
1904 P&O offer cruise programme, first class only, shore excursions arranged by Thomas Cook

Cutty Sark
1869 Clyde, Glasgow

Pasold
Ladybird brand, (Coats Viyella)
1667-1739
1813-1886 Circular knitting machines, Fouquet inventor
1825 Knitters Guild, Austro-Hungary
1929 Move to UK

Pilkington
www.pilkington.com
1699 Glass Excise Duty dropped
1746 Glass Excise Duty reinstated, window tax retained
1823 Window tax halved
1826 St Helen's Crown Glass Company
1832 Broad or sheet glass by cylinder process introduced in England by Robert Lucas Chance
1839 Patent plate glass
1845 5 April, Duty on glass repealed
1847 Rolled plate glass
1849 Pilkington Brothers
1851 1 April Window tax removed
1851 Paxton designed Crystal Palace, 299,655 panes of cylinder blown glass

Whitchurch Silk Mill
Hampshire
Mill built on River Test during reign of George III
Silk woven since 1820's
Victorian machinery in use today

Henry Solomon Wellcome
1853 born, died 1936
Wellcome Trust founded

Glaxo Wellcome
1873 Glaxo founded as a general trading company in New Zealand by Joseph Nathan
1880 Burroughs Wellcome & Company established in London by two American pharmacists, Henry Wellcome and Silas Borroughs

The Scots Magazine
1739 9 February, first published
1826 Ceased publication
1888-1893 Scots Magazine printed in Perth

Drummonds Bank
(Royal Bank of Scotland)
1712 Andrew Drummond, a Scottish goldsmith trades in London
1774 banking activities over 400 accounts
1819 Aristocratic connection and meticulous rules
1824 Customer deposits exceeded £2 millions

Royal Bank of Scotland
1727 Founded by Royal Charter in Edinburgh
1783 First branch in Glasgow - financing tobacco trade
1874 Branch in London

Earl of Ilay first governor at opening in Ship Close, Edinburgh, 1727

Citizens Financial Group, Rhode Island, USA
(Royal Bank of Scotland)
1828 High Street Bank in Providence
1871 Citizens Savings Bank

The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
HSBC Group
1865 March, Founded upon inspiration of Thomas Sutherland, a Scot then working in Hong Kong as Superintendent of the Peninsular and Ocean Steam Navigation Company (P&O)
1865 April, opened also in Shanghai

The Observer
1791 E S Bourne founder, "Free communication of the Truth"
1820 proprietor William Unnell Clement reports proceedings against the Cato Street conspirators despite government ban
1891 Frederick Beer inherits paper, wife Rachel takes over editorship at same time as the Sunday Times.

The Guardian
1821 Manchester Guardian founded by John Edward Taylor, weekly, Liberal interest in aftermath of Peterloo Massacre and campaign to repeal Corn Laws
1855 Daily publication after abolition of stamp duty
1872 C P Scott appointed editor

The Story of the Pub

ICI
Imperial Chemical Industries
1891 Leblanc companies amalgamated
Sir Charles Tennant, leading industrialist

Wedgwood
1759 founded
1730 Josiah Wedgwood born
1754 Apprentice and then partnership by Thomas Whiedon of Fenton
1759 Establish own business
1795 Died

1877 Waddesdon, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire mansion, founded on 9 August by Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild
(1874-1889)

Tetley Tea
1650 Thomas Garaway, explorer, first brings tea to Britain
1773 16 December, Boston Tea Party lead to American war of Independence 1775-1783 because of high taxes on tea
1784 William Pitt the Younger abolishes tea tax
1826 John Horniman launched first brand of tea
1833 Repeal of East India Monopoly

Beginning 19th C Joseph and Edward Tetley peddle salt on the Yorkshire Moors. Tea added in due course.
1837 Tetley Brothers, Huddersfield
c1840 Anna - Duchess of Bedford, afternoon tea
Tea gardens, Vauxhall and Marylebone
1845 Tea Clipper rainbow launched in New York
1856 25 Cullum Street, London, yards from Mincing Lane, centre of tea trade auctions
Joseph enters partnership with Joseph Ackland and Joseph Tetley & Co is formed
1866 last Tea Clipper Race
1869 Opening of Suez Canal
1880 Aerated Bread Company's tea shops - gave women independence
1888 Robert G Cather, partner, develops idea of American tea trade
1894 J Lyons 7 Co formed
1894 First Lyons Tea Shop opened at 213 Piccadilly

Schweppes
1783 German born Swiss jeweller and amateur scientist Jacob Schweppe makes carbonated water
1792 Jacob Schweppe opens soda water factory in 141 Drury Lane, London
1798 Retires and sells business to three entrepreneurs from Jersey
1833 Royal warrant from King William IV
1835 Mineral water, soda water, lemonade, fizzy orange, ginger beer
1851 Schweppes appointed as caterer and supplier of 'temperance' beverages to Great exhibition - fountain of Malvern water
1858 Schweppes Indian Tonic Water
1870 Ginger Ale
1885 A cola
1893 J Schweppes & Co formed
1897 A public company, Schweppes Ltd
1898 Ginger Beer

Dr Pepper
1885 Charles C Alderton, pharmacist, Texas, America, invents Dr Pepper drink

Unilever
OXO
1840s Baron Justus von Liebig, b1803, organic chemistry, scholarship from Grand Duke of Hesse, works on beef extract.
1847 Beef extract
Approved of by: Florence Nightingale, nurse, Scutari hospital, Crimea
Duke of Wellington, soldier
Sir Henry Stanley, explorer - Africa
1840s Hungry forties
1861 George Christian Giebert, engineer, Uruguayan plant, "Carnis Liebig"
Fray Bentos, Uruguay - to utilise cheap carcasses after leather hides removed.
1865 Leibig's Extract of Meat Company
1865 Liebig's extract came to England
1865 Stanley's expedition to find Dr Livingstone - Africa
1873 Baron von Liebig died, statue in Munich
1899 OXO trade mark, Europe
1900 OXO trade mark in UK
1914 OXO Ltd

Brooke Bond
1845 Arthur Brooke born, (d 1918)
Aston, Tea wholesale business founded by father Charles Brooke
Arthur Brooke, 19, from cotton trade, joined Peek Brothers and Winch, wholesale tea company, then returned to help father's business.
1869 Aged 24, set up shop in, 29 Market Street, Manchester, Brooke Bond & Co
Selling tea, coffee and sugar over the counter for cash sales
Shops in Liverpool, Leeds, Bradford
1872 Moved to London, 129 Whitechapel High Street
1875 Met and married Alice Catherine Young
Home at Stonebridge Park, Willesden
1870s Wholesalers, House in Kensington, country house near Dorking
1892 Limited Company
Whitechapel warehouse, 17-18 St Dunstan's Hill headquarters

Unilever
Pears Soap
1789 Pears' Soap founded by Andrew Pears
Pears Transparent Soap
1835 Andrew Pears joined by son Francis
1838 Andrew (?) retires
1851 Displayed at Great Exhibition
Bar of soap given to Queen Victoria
1865 Thomas Barrett, Francis's son-in-law
1875 Advertising takes off
1885 French centimes, accepted as currency in England, stamped with Pears name as coins of the realm could not be defaced
1886 "Bubbles" Sir John Everett Millais painting of 'A Child's World' adapted for advertising soap.
1887 Pears' shilling encyclopaedia
1889 Pears' Transparent Soap gold medal, Great Exhibition, Paris

Keen Robinson, Mustard

Colman's of Norwich
1742 Thomas Keen, Garlick Hill, London, Hythe
1850s Oatmeal and groats approved by Queen Victoria and William IV
Crimea
1862 Amalgamation, Robinson & Bellville (founded 1823)
1880s Denmark Street

1814 7 May Jeremiah Colman
(Mr Edward Ames)
1823 Adopted nephew James
J & J Colman
1830s 30 people at Stoke Mill
1836 Branch in Cannon Street
1850s 200 people employed
1854-1862 Carrow site
1872 Private telegraph wire to London office
1878 First long distance telephone call tested on company line
1864 School for children of Carrow employees
1868 Hot meals
1878 First industrial nurse
1881 Carrow Works Fire Brigade
1878 Carrow Priory, Lakenham cricket ground
1899 Pension scheme

Coats Viyella
1784 Henry Hollins, Nottinghamshire
1840 William Hollins
1844 Upper Mill razed to ground
Merino wool from Australia by clipper ship - 1st to import in 60 day journey
1851 Great Exhibition
1890 Henry Ernest Hollins
1890 May, Via Gellia spinning mills at Matlock - "Viyella"
1896 14 November, 35 motor cars drive from London to Brighton
1893 Cloth trade
1894 Viyella cloth

Andrew Carnegie, Dunfermline, Scotland
1835 25 November born
1815 Industrial slump
1812-1833 Handloom weavers' pay falls from £1.04 to 25p.
1830s-1840s Political reform, Chartism
1840s Repeal of the Corn Laws
1830's Factory Act
1848 Family emigrates to United States, Pennsylvania
1850-1890 British born immigrants to North America rose from 1,500,000 to 3,000,000
1840s Britain experienced railway mania
1850s America experienced railway mania
1880s 13,000 miles of rail track laid each year in America
1862 President Lincoln signs Pacific Railroad Bill permitting trancontinental railroad, completed 7 years later.
1861-1865 American Civil War
1865 Carnegie, sleeping cars, telegraphy, bridge building and iron making - shifts emphasis t iron and then steel production. Visits British Bessemer plants for steel making. Child labour in mills and mines in America!
1873 Mark Twain's "The Gilded Age" published
Carnegie was a follower of Social Darwinian philosopher Herbert Spencer - fittest rise to the top ...

Thomas Cubitt
Thomas Cubitt built Osborne House on the Isle of Wight to the designs of Prince Albert.
1845-1846 The first part
1851 Completed
1890-91 The Dunbar Wing State Rooms
1901 22 January, Queen Victoria dies at Osborne House.

Mowlem
1822 John Mowlem, founder, Paddington
1830 Mowlem works with Sir James McAdam on first tarmac.
1840 Granite sets on Blackfriars' Bridge
1863 Regent Street surfacing
1874 Billingsgate Market
1887 The Imperial Institute - Imperial College, South Kensington
1892 Waterloo and City Railway - Thames frozen
1907 Victoria Station

www.reuters.com/aboutreuters/background/history.htm
1851 Paul Julius Reuter
Israel Beer Josephat
Joseph Josephat
1861 Introduced by Lord Palmerston to Queen Victoria
1899 Baron de Rueter dies

www.courtaulds.co.uk/about/about.htm
1816 Samuel Courtald III, silk throwster in Braintree, Essex

Bocking Mill, Crape looms
ICI

Akzo Nobel

Sara Lee

www.akzo-nobel.com/ US site
www.akzonobel.uk.com/ multinational based in Netherlands
www.nobels-explosives.com also courtaulds

Forbo-Nairn Ltd, Kirkaldy, Scotland
Linoleum
1828 Canvas weaving (for sailing ships)

Cadbury
Bournville, Birmingham, Quaker company

1824 John Cadbury, Bull Street, Birmingham. Coffee and tea dealer
Richard and George Cadbury
1831 John Cadbury, Cocoa products and drinking chocolate "Cocoa Nibs"
Crooked Lane, Birmingham, plate glass shop window
1847 Larger premises, Bridge Street
Own canal spur
1866 Cocoa press, cocoa butter, chocolate
1878 Workforce 2,000, "Bournbrook", Bournville site, canal and railway
1879 First bricks
1861 John Cadbury retired
Sons Richard and George continue business
John Cadbury led a campaign against climbing boys used to sweep chimneys

Other Quaker (?) family companies: Fry's of Bristol
Rowntrees / Terry's of York
Sampson Lloyd. Birmingham bank
Hanburys - tinplate, Wales
Darbys, Coalbrooke - iron

1897 Milk chocolate
Rowntree & Mackintosh
Rowntree's chocolate
1862 Henry Isaac Rowntree, Castlegate in York, Quaker businessman
Obtains Cocoa business of William Tuke and Sons
Tuke, Waller and Copsie workshop for cocoa, chocolate and chicory
1652 George Fox institutes ideas of Quakerism, Society of Friends, d 1691
1725 Mary Tuke a Quaker grocer
1775 Cocoa, William Tuke
1785 Cocoa, William Tuke
1807 William Wilberforce, MP for York, assisted by Samuel Tuke.
1814 Henry Tuke dies at his home at St Saviourgate, York, aged 59
1818 William Tuke, aged 86 (father of Henry) retired from firm. Lived in Castlegate.
1822 6 December, died aged 90
1822 Samuel Tuke takes in partnership his cousin Favill James Copsie
1832 Samuel Tuke took a leading interest in the affairs of The Society of Friends ... having extreme rapidity of thought ... travelled to Akworth to the meetings of the school committee by gig with his friend Joseph Rowntree
1833 Sought as a Liberal MP but declined though worked energetically for Thomas Dundas, afterwards the Earl of Zetland.
Samuel Tuke, chairman of the York Gas Company, largely responsible or having the "York Friends' Meeting House" lighted by gas.
Joseph Rowntree - "The Temperance Problem and Social Reform"
Friends' school, Saffron Walden.
1841 Samuel Tuke's son James Hack Tuke (b1819) becomes a partner
1849 John Casson starts a branch in London
1852 Samuel Tuke retires
York business taken over by Henry Hipsley. b 1810
Returns from Hull and London to York to manage tea business
1862 Retired
John Casson runs tea business Tuke & Co in Castlegate
Henry Isaac Rowntree acquires cocoa manufactory behind the Castlegate premises, manufacturing chocolate and chicory
1864 H I Rowntree purchases an old foundry in Tanner's Moat
(used until 1908)
1868 John Mackintosh born in Cheshire
moved to Halifax, Yorkshire, married 1900
Pastry shop, Kings Cross Lane, Halifax
1869 Joseph Rowntree (brother) joined the firm
Main product; "Tuke's Superior Rock Cocoa"
1879 Claude Gaget in France made gums and crystallised gum pastilles
1881 Began manufacturing crystallised gums
1882 Purchased Simpson's flour mill in North Street
1883 H I Rowntree died
1885 Cornelius Hollander, Dutch
1887 "Elect" brand cocoa
1889 John Wilhelm Rowntree, partner. died 1905
1889 Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree joined firm
(Owen's College, Manchester)
1890 Purchased land at Haxby Road, John Mackintosh & Sons Ltd
John & Violet Mackintosh, pastry cook shop
King Cross Lane, Halifax, toffee
1891 Theodore Hotham Rowntree
1892 New premises at Haxby Road fruit block opened, branch railway line
1892 Arnold Stephenson Rowntree, advertising, gum department, sales
1893 Francis Henry Rowntree (Engineering, Manchester)
1894 Mackintosh, Bond Street warehouse
1895 John Mackintosh Ltd formed
1896 Rowntrees reduce working week to 48 hours
1897 Rowntree installs electric lights and power in factories
1890-1898 Went to West Indies
Purchased estates in Jamaica and Dominica
1894 Workforce of nearly 900
1897 Rowntree and Co incorporated
1899 John Mackintosh Ltd
1901
(Re-check notes to separate Rowntree and Mackintosh histories!)

F H Royce & Co
1884 F H Royce & Co
1899 Royce Ltd
1902 C S Rolls & Co
1906 Rolls Royce Ltd
Rolls-Royce
2003 BMW

Thomas Cook
1808 22 November, Thomas Cook born, Melbourne, Derbyshire
1841 32 year old cabinet maker
Lived in Market Harborough
Walked to Leicester to attend temperance meeting
Check records to find dates of first rail outings to seaside
1851 Joseph Paxton persuades Thomas Cook to devote himself to bringing workers from Yorkshire and the Midlands to London for the Great Exhibition
150,000 people from Leicester, Nottingham and Derby!
1855 International Exhibition, Paris via Harwich and Antwerp
1863 Travel tours to Switzerland
1864 Italy
1869 Egypt and Bible Lands - Palestine
1860, November, the opening of the Suez Canal
1872 Office in Cairo
1872 26 September, depart Liverpool - 8 month World tour
1879 1 January, John Mason Cook runs firm
1884 Relief expedition up River Nile to rescue General Gordon in Khartoum
1885 January, despite all efforts Khartoum fell, General Gordon was killed.

Salt
1812 Vacuum evaporation first used in Liverpool sugar-refining
1885 Vacuum evaporation applied in making salt in North America
1905 Vacuum plant built in Winsford, Cheshire
1825 Salt taxes abolished
1844 Indian market opened to salt
1850 500,000 tonnes of white salt barged down River Weaver to Liverpool for export annually
1852 John Corbett, engineer, mining
1888 Salt Union Ltd - 64 manufacturers
Northwich?
(1937, acquired by ICI)
Other main producers, Cerebos, Staveley Industries
1778-1829 Sir Humphrey Davy
Separated salt into sodium and chlorine in 1807
1860s-1870s Women and children were no longer allowed to work the salt pans as conditions were so harsh

Saxa Salt
Centura Foods
RHM Group
Middlewich, Cheshire
1870's women and children working salt pans
1888 Salt Union Check Cerebos
Check Staveley

Bird's Custard
1837 Queen Victoria ascends to throne
1837 Invented by Alfred Bird, Bell Street, Birmingham, Phillip Harris & Co
Also invented baking powder
Alfred Bird wrote to the Duke of Newcastle, Head of the War Department offering that baking powder would get fresh bread to British troops in the Crimean War, also light puddings and cakes for t he wounded in hospital.

1859 Franklin Expedition, Arctic yacht Fox, Bird's baking powder
Captain Sir F L McClintock RN for ship's bread
1887 Queen Victoria's Jubilee Year
Alfred Bird's business lost in fire but he paid from his savings for the building of the Devonshire Works.
1893-1896 Nansen Expedition - "Fram" takes a 5-year supply of Bird's Custard Powder.
1900 Alfred Bird & Sons founded by Sir Alfred Bird, Bt. MP

Duerr's
1872 Fred Duerr, born Bridge Street, Bermondsey 1848 (-d1917) 24, marries Mary Eva Naylor, 16
1877 son Oliver born
1881 Jam made by Mary Duerr, née Naylor b1856
1890 Guide Bridge, Manchester
Prestage Street, Old Trafford

Smith & Nephew, Birmingham
Wright's Coal Tar Soap
Wright's traditional soap originally produced by the London Rubber Company
Soap and Detergent Industry Association

1634 King Charles I put a tax on soap which lasted for 200 years
1795 William Colgate arrived in America and made soap in New York
mid 1800s Belgian chemist, Ernest Solvay, invented the ammonia process
1840 Salt tax abolished which helped soap makers
1853 Gladstone abolished tax on soap after cholera epidemic
1884 William Hesketh Lever joined the industry

Marks & Spencer
1884 Market stall opened by Michael Marks - "Don't ask the price - it's a penny"

C & J Clark
Street, Somerset, shoes
1833
1851
1856 Buy three Singer treadle sewing machines
1859
1863
1887

NOTABLE DATES IN Tate & Lyle's HISTORY

1819 Henry Tate born Chorley, Lancashire
1820 Abram Lyle born Greenock, Scotland
1859 Henry Tate forms sugar refining partnership in Liverpool
1865 Abram Lyle forms partnership and buys Glebe Refinery in Greenock
1869 Henry Tate dissolves partnership and starts own sugar refining company
1872 Tate's Liverpool refinery begins operations
1878 Tate's new Thames refinery begins operations (specializing in cube sugar)
1883 Lyle's new Thames refinery at Plaistow (on the Thames) begins operations (specializing in golden syrup)
1891 Abram Lyle dies
1897 Henry Tate endows Tate Gallery

1898 Henry Tate created baronet
1899 Sir Henry Tate dies 
1921 Henry Tate & Sons and Abram Lyle & Sons merge to become Tate & Lyle
1922 Tate & Lyle begins beet sugar growing and processing 
1936 British Sugar Corporation created to include Tate & Lyle's beet factories

British Sugar
20th century, from sugar beet

Start-rite Shoes
1792 Norwich

Taylors of Harrogate
1886 Established

Guinness
1879 St James' Gate Brewery, Dublin, new brewery building

1641 William Greene, brewhouse, Pimlico
1646
1683
1715 Brewery rebuilt
1732
1740
1760
1780
1787
1788
1792
1796
1794-99 Stag Brewery, Pimlico, London

Peabody Trust
George Peabody, London investment banker, born Danvers, Massachusetts.
1812 Served as a volunteer in the War
1814 Met Elisha Riggs of Baltimore, who supplied financial backing to found wholesale dry goods firm of Peabody, Riggs & Co
1816 Peabody moved to Baltimore for 20 years
Branches in Philadelphia and New York
1827 Travelled to England to purchase wares and negotiate the sale of American cotton in Lancashire
1837 Took up residence in London (Queen Victoria ascended the throne)
1838 Helped rescue Maryland's financial fortunes, able to sell Maryland bonds to Baring Brothers.
1851 President Fillmore transports American good to Great Exhibition, Peabody used his own funds to ensure American exhibits were installed

Ragged Schools receive Lord Shaftesbury's parliamentary backing and Angela Burdett-Coutts' financial support
Peabody establishes Peabody Education Fund
1862 Peabody Donation Fund, London, $2,500,000
1869 4 November, Peabody died. Gladstone arranged for his body to be returned to America on board (HMS) Monarch

Young's Brewery
1581 Ram Inn, brewer Humphrey Langridge
1675 Draper family own brewery
1763 Sold to Thomas Tritton
1803 Opening of Sutton Iron Railway, wagons pulled by horse
Shareholders include George Tritton and Florance Young
1831 Charles Allen Young and Anthony Fothergill Bainbridge buy the business
1835 Beam engine installed
1884 Young and Bainbridge partnership dissolved, Charles Florance Young, son of the founder, carries on the business as Young & Co

Denby Pottery
William Bourne, son of Richard and Rebekah Bourne, baptised 19 April 1747
At age of 23 he married Edith Dawes, at Greasley Church, Nottingham
1800 William Bourne acquired a small pottery at Belper's Kilburn Road
William Bourne, canals, potteries at Stoke, Methodism
1800s to 1850s canal system finished
Went back to Belper Pottery
Clay from Denby, Derbyshire
Youngest son Joseph Bourne, died 1860
1806 Seam of clay uncovered at Denby during the construction of a turnpike road from Alfreton to Derby
1809 Pottery on site founded by Joseph Bourne
Little Eaton, salt for salt glazing
Mining, pottery stream, canal system
1839 Wesley Centenary Bowl of salt glazed ware made at Denby
1840s Joseph Bourne & Son
1851 Great Exhibition
1860 Joseph Harvey Bourne takes over control of the company
1869 Joseph Harvey Bourne died, son of Joseph Bourne
Workers made bottles and jars for ink and ginger beer and telegraphic insulators.
Worked six days a week and went in on the sabbath to have religious services in the packing house
1869 Joseph Harvey Bourne's wife Sarah Elizabeth Bourne continued the business for 30 years
Workforce of 400 including 90 throwers
1886 Sarah Elizabeth Bourne witnessed the early trials of colour glazes at Denby, producing Majolica glazes
1898 Two nephews, Joseph Bourne Wheeler and Joseph Henry Topham, run the company on their aunt's death
1907 One withdrew leaving Joseph Bourne Wheeler in control until 1942

The Boots Company
1815 John Boot born in Radcliffe-on-Trent
Agricultural labourer,
Wesleyan chapels, Lace Market area of Nottingham
Married Elizabeth Mills (died 1848)
Married Mary Wills of Nottingham
1860 John Boot died, Nottingham
Children; daughter, died in infancy, Jesse, Jane

1849 Assisted by father-in-law and the support of the local Methodistcommunity, John Boot opened The British and American Botanic Establishment at 6 Goose Gate
1850 2 June, Jesse Boot born, Nottingham
1851 Census, living at Woolpack Lane in Hockley
1860 John Boot died aged 45
Wife Mary took over the shop with their ten-year-old son Jesse
1871 Jesse Boot, aged 21, became a partner of M & J Boot, Herbalists
Cut prices, cash rather than credit
1874 House of Lords supports right of general stores and companies, as well as traditional chemists, to dispense medicines
1877 Jesse has sole control of the shop taking £100 a week
1881 16-20 Goosegate, Nottingham, vacant, takes lease and converts to new shop
1883 Book & Company Ltd, private company
More shops open across Nottingham
Railways offer further opportunities for expansion
1884 First Boots store outside Nottingham at Snig Hill, Sheffield
1884 Edwin Waring, qualified pharmacist appointed
1885 Jesse Boot takes holiday in Jersey and meets Florence Rowe, daughter of a bookseller and stationer in St Helier
1885 Took lease on 3 rooms in Island Street, Nottingham
1886 Married Florence Rowe
Children; John Campbell, 1889, Dorothy Florence, Margery Amy,
a second son died in infancy
1888 Company renamed Boots Pure Drug Company Ltd
1888 Annual day's outing for staff introduced, by train or charabanc
1889 Son John Campbell Boot born
1891 Pelham Street, Nottingham, developed with a gallery supported by colonnade of cast iron pillars and mahogany counters
1892 Whole building at Island Street and Parkinson Street in use with 80 staff. Located near canal, railways and roads
1893 33 stores opened, and by turn of century 250 in Boots chain
1896 Boots Athletic Club formed
1897 Jesse Boot launched a non-contributory pension scheme
1898 Boots Booklovers' Library established - Florence Boot
1900 Jesse Boot built a summer house, known as Plaisaunce, near Trent Bridge
1916 Jesse Boot made a Baronet
1929 Created first Lord Trent

The Co-operative Movement
1830 Rochdale Friendly Co-operative Society, formed by flannel weavers in Rochdale after a strike
1831 Co-operative Congress

1843 Rochdale Equitable Pioneers Society formed ... to be continued

Pickfords
1630 Will Pickford, carrier in Cheshire area
1646 Approximate origins of the company by Thomas Pickford
Adlington, Cheshire
1673 Pickfords pack horses
1695 Family engaged in mending roads, quarry owners, move stone by pack horse and carry goods for others
1756 James Pickford, a carrier between Manchester and London with wagons, terminus of the Bell Inn, Wood Street, Cheapside
1768 James Pickford died, widow Martha, sons Matthew and Thomas
1771 Bear Inn, Basinghall Street, terminus
1776 Pickfords invents the fly wagon which makes the London to Manchester journey in four and a half days - 42 miles per day!
1777 Took over the business of William Bass, a carrier between Burton-on-Trent, Ashbourne and Derby, carrier of ale for Benjamin Printon. William Bass concentrated on brewing beer, Bass
1780 Pickfords make use of canal system, (Canals originated by Duke of Bridgewater in 1759 to carry coal from Lancashire)
1795 Pickfords have 10 boats
1803 Pickfords Manchester-London service running six days a week
1803 Matthew Pickford writes to Duke of York offering services of Pickfords to the crown and army should Napoleon invade
1807 Pickfords' canal services reach Birmingham
Warehouses and wharves built at Paddington, Deptford, Brentford and City Basin in London
Fly boats, travelling day and night, 40 miles a day
Barge, by day, 25 miles a day
1809 Thomas and Matthew and their sons, James and Matthew running the company
1810-1815 National slump due to Napoleonic wars
1814 London to Manchester journey now takes 36 hours
1816 Sell out to new owners, Joseph Baxendale, Charles Inman and Zachary Langton with Baxendale leading the company and his family active for almost 120 years
1825 Baxendale takes interest in possible emergence of railways
1829 Stehenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill trials and heralds the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester line, the nation's first public railway
1830 Pickfords company restored to its full former glory
1840 Steam traction engines for road haulage
1850 Company withdraws from dying canal business
1872 Joseph Baxendale dies aged 84 leaving company in hands of his sons
1850-1890 Railway goods traffic grows by 900 per cent

John Menzies
1817 25 January, first issue of The Scotsman, first daily newspaper in Edinburgh
1831 December, assistant to bookseller Charles Tilt of Fleet Street, London
1832 December, 800 lay dead from Edinburgh cholera epidemic
1833 1 February, John Menzies, Edinburgh, arrives by mail coach to alight at Black Bull Hotel in St Catherine's Street, top of Leith Walk
The journey took two-and-a-half days by day and night on the mail coach
John Menzies's father had died
1833 Rented a shop in 61 Princes Street, the heart of the bookselling trade
Neighbour Tait of Tait's Edinburgh Magazine
17 Princes Street, Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine
Donaldson, the publisher, Edinburgh Advertiser
1835 Chapman and Hall gave John Menzies the disposal of all Dickens's works in the east of Scotland - an outpouring of bestsellers for 30 years
1836 Waverley Station in Edinburgh begun
1840 Horace Marshall founded a book stall at Fenchurch Street Station
1841 Charles Dickens visits Edinburgh, staying at the Royal Hotel, also having dealings with John Menzies
1842 John Menzies was sole distributor of Punch magazine by Bradbury and Evans in London
1845 John Menzies married Miss Rosie Marr, her father a merchant of Leith
1846 First long-distance train out of Edinburgh to London
Trains leaving London at 6am arrived in Edinburgh at 10pm, eight years earlier they had taken four times as long
1848 The year of revolutions, W H Smith takes on lease of Euston Station bookstall.
1857 John Menzies's inaugural bookstall year, genuine railway literature came in with Mrs Gaskell's "Cranford"
1862 Persists to acquire the lease for Waverley Station, Edinburgh, bookstall
1867 John Menzies forms company selecting four men from the business, his two sons being too young, Messrs Turner, Macnab, Innes and Mackenzie. Duncan Macnab had been the first employee hired in 1837
1872 Education Acts make schooling (therefore literacy) compulsory
1879 John Menzies died, aged 71. His two sons run the company.
1881 Bookstall at Glasgow Central Station, Victorian travellers got into the habit of making time to browse the bookstall when waiting for a train.
1888 The Forth Rail Bridge under construction
1896 Mass circulation daily newspapers appear: Daily Mail, Daily Express, Daily Graphic (Daily Sketch), and Daily Mirror

Tunnock Baker
34 Old Mill Road
Uddington
Glasgow G71 7HH
Established 1890
Makers of caramel wafer biscuits and snowballs
4 million wafers per week

Menier, Chocolat Patissier, Paris 1867 medal
Now made in Switzerland by Nestlé
York Foods, UK

Fox's, established 1853
Batley, Yorkshire
Sunbreak biscuits now made in the Netherlands

Jordan's, established 1855
W Jordan (Cereals) Ltd, signature Bill Jordan
Holme Mills
Biggleswade
Bedfordshire SG18 0JY

Baxters of Speyside Ltd, established 1868, signature Ena Baxter
Redcurrent Jelly
Fochabers
Scotland IV32 7ID

Jacob's Bakery Ltd
Jacob's cream crackers, established 1885
Liverpool
Now part of the Danone Group

British food industries are substantially owned by two conglomerates:
Philip Morris Companies Inc
Unilever's van den Bergh Foods

Website information:

Victoria Station: www.speel.demon.co.uk/other/victoria.htm
Thomas Cubitt: www.speel.demon.co.uk/other/belgrave.htm
Belgrave Square: www.speel.demon.co.uk/other/belgrave.htm
Paddington Station: www.speel.demon.co.uk/other/padding.htm
Euston Station: www.speel.demon.co.uk/other/euston.htm
Kings Cross &
St Pancras Stations: www.speel.demon.co.uk/other/kingsx.htm
Sir George Gilbert Scott: www.speel.demon.co.uk/arch/gilscot.htm
The Albert Memorial: www.speel.demon.co.uk/other/albmem.htm
Charing Cross/Railway Sta: www.speel.demon.co.uk/other/charing.htm
Victoria Memorial: www.speel.demon.co.uk/other/vicmem.htm
The Great Exhibition of 1851
Sir Joseph Paxton: www.speel.demon.co.uk/arch/paxton.htm
Kew Gardens: www.speel.demon.co.uk/other/kew.htm
William Morris: www.speel.demon.co.uk/artists/morris.htm
The Tate Gallery:
The Victoria and Albert Museum:
The Natural History Museum:
Albert Memorial:
John Soane Museum:
National Gallery
National Portrait Gallery:
William Morris Gallery:
Wallace Collection: www.speel.demon.co.uk/londart.htm

www.discover-islington.co.uk/history.html

A Concise History of Islington

· 19th century squares
· Spas
· Tea houses
· Gin distilleries
1820 Regent's Canal
Inns
Thomas Paine
Joseph Grimaldi, clown
1880 Angel
1871 Highbury Barn closed
Dairy farms
1855 New cattle market
1829 George Shillibeer's horse drawn omnibus, North Road

www.ci.peabody.ma.us/about

George Peabody
Baring Brothers
Lord Shaftesbury
Angela Burdett-Coutts
The Great Exhibition
1862 The Peabody Donation Fund $2,500,000

www.peabody.org.uk

1825-1899 Architect, Henry Astley Darbyshire

1864 Spitalfields
1865 Islington, Greenman Street, N1
1865 Builders, Patman and Fotheringham
1885 Builders, William Cubitt & Co

www.youngs.co.uk

1831 Charles Allen Young

Companies sending historical details

Nestlé Rowntree
Cross & Blackwell
Careline 01904 604604

Coca-Cola Schweppes
Uxbridge
0800 227711
1869 H I Rowntree & Co established
1890 John Mackintosh & Sons Ltd established
Rowntree Mackintosh, York

Thomas Cook
Peterborough
1841

Thames Water

Rolls Royce
Derby

Coats Viyella
Derbyshire
1784

Smith & Nephew
Birmingham
Contact London Rubber Company for Wright's Coal Tar Soap details

Cadbury's
Bournville, Birmingham

Duerr's
1881 Jams

Kraft Food, Cheltenham

Bird's Custard
1837

Saxa Salt
Centura Foods
RHM Group
Middlewich, Cheshire

Van den Bergh Foods
Colman's of Norwich
1814

Pasold, Ladybird Brand knitwear
Coats Viyella

Pilkington Glass
1826
1849

Unilever
OXO

Unilever
Arthur Brooke, 1845-1918
Brooke Bond & Co

Unilever
Pears Soap

Unilever
Keen Robinson
1741

Unilever
Colman's of Norwich
1814

Waddesdon
1874 - 1899
The Rothschild Archive

The Carnegie Trust
Dunfermline
Andrew Carnegie
1848 emigrates to USA

Mowlem Osborne House

1822
Courtaulds Textiles, London
Bocking Mill, Essex, 1816

Wedgwood
Stoke-on-Trent
1759

ICI
Imperial Chemical Industries
London
1873 Brunner Mond, Merseyside

Brewers and Licensed Retailers Association
The Story of the Pub

Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine
Sir Henry Solomon Wellcome
b 1853
1897 systematic library purchasing

Harrods
1834

Quaker Trading Limited Scott's Porage Oats
1850

Wilkin & Sons
Tiptree, Essex
1885

Barclays
1736

Akzo Nobel
Walton-on-Thames, Surrey
1871
websites: www.nobel-explosives.com
see also www.lucidcafe.com

Forbo-Nairn Ltd
Kirkaldy, Fife, Scotland
1828

Harland & Wolff
Belfast
1853

The Illustrated London News
150th Anniversary reprint
1842 (1992)

Swedish Match
Bryant & May
High Wycombe
01494 533300

Denby Pottery
Denby
01773 740700

The Boots Company
Nottingham

John Menzies
Edinburgh

Pickfords

Co-operatives / CWS

Reference Sources

The Historian
The magazine of the Historical Association
Spring 1999
pp10 - 15 The Press and the Public during the Boer War 1899-1902

Exploring the New River
Michael Essex-Lopresti
KAF Brewin Books
ISBN 0-947731-49-0

History of Highbury
Keith Sugden
Islington Archaeological and Historical Society
ISBN 0-9507532-1-1

The Growth of Stoke Newington
Jack Whitehead
E B Reproductions

Old Ordnance Survey Maps
Finsbury Park & Stroud Green 1912
Highbury and Islington 1914
Stoke Newington 1868
Upper Holloway 1914

London Zoo catalogue
Claire Robinson and Clare Kelly

John Constable
Painting and Countryside
by James Pawsey

The Ironbridge Gorge Museums
Education brochure

Chinnery and the China Coast
painting in the collection of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank
Catalogue

The Life and Times of
Edward VIII
Keith Middlemas
Weidenfeld & Nicolson
ISBN 0-297-83189-5

William Morris Aesthetic reaction to industrial products
Redesigning the World
John Burdick
Todtri
ISBN 1-57717-058-X

William Morris
Charlotte and Peter Fiell
Taschen
ISBN 3-8228-6617-2

The Stanley Gibbons Book of Stamps and Stamp Collecting
James Watson
Stanley Gibbons
ISBN 0-85259-262-0

Britannia Revisited
A photographic record of Great Britain from 1856-1956
Excalibur Books
ISBN 0-525-70123-0

The History of London Maps
Felix Barker and Peter Jackson
Barrie and Jenkins
ISBN 0-7126-3650-1

We Thundered Out
Philip Howard
The Times, Times Books London
ISBN 0-7230-0266-5

The New River
Mary Cosh
Islington Archaeological & History Society
ISBN 0-9507532-3-8

Arts & Crafts American, English and Scottish designers
James Massey & Shirley Maxwell
Abbeville Press
ISBN 0-7892-0070-4

Mr Horniman and the Tea Trade
Horniman World Heritage Series
ISBN 0-9518141-2-5