Sir Walter Raleigh,
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Sir Walter Raleigh,
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Sir Walter Raleigh was born at Hayes Barton which is on the edge of Woodbury Common, near the village of East Budleigh, Devon, England.
Also see my separate page on Raleigh's attempts at the colonisation of America.
The spelling used in those days was rather erratic and thus "Raleigh" is just one of the (over 40) ways in which his surname was written. He used numerous of these spellings, with "Rawleigh", "Ralegh" and "Rawley" being more often used than the currently accepted version. His name was pronounced "raw lie" and it is said he is never known to have used the modern "Raleigh" spelling.
He is known to have attended church in East Budleigh. The nearby sea-side town of Budleigh Salterton is the setting for the painting "The boyhood of Raleigh" by Millais (on show at the Tate Gallery, although from May 20th. to September 30th., 2000 it will be in an exhibition about Raleigh at the Fairlynch Museum, Budleigh Salterton). Since it was painted in 1870 it's not surprising that the wall still exists.
He was quite tall (six foot) considering that the average height was lower then than now. He is said to have retained his strong Devonshire accent during all his time at Court. In those days a regional accent was not such a disadvantage as it has been of late.
During his early life, from 1553 to 1558, Queen Mary I was on the throne. This was a
time when the Roman Catholic church was in favour. Although a large part of the
population had previously become Protestants, those who were most open about it were
persecuted. To quote from the
"Five English Reformers" by J.C. Ryle in 1890 "Mary was not called "Bloody Mary"
without reason.....during the last four years of Queen Mary's reign no less than 288
persons were burnt at the stake for their adhesion to the Protestant faith".
Raleigh's parents knew one woman, called
Agnes Prest,
who was martyred at Exeter.
His father narrowly escaped being killed by taking refuge in a church tower.
Riots were common, with one at Exeter illustrated
here.
It is understandable that Raleigh grew up with a hatred of the Catholic Church and,
when Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, he was open to express it.
In 1581, after seeing action on a number of occasions, he became a favourite of Queen Elizabeth the first. There is little to confirm the famous story of how he spread his cloak across a puddle so that the Queen could walk over it, except for the cloak included in his coat of arms.
He became Captain of the Guard and his part in foiling the "Babington" conspiracy ended up with him owning a 42,000 acre estate in Ireland. The "Babington" conspiracy was aimed at replacing Queen Elizabeth with Mary, Queen of Scots. Since she was implicated in it, this led to Mary's execution.
Raleigh replaced the chimneys of his Youghal home, with some more like those at his birthplace, Hayes Barton.
In 1585 he was made Governor of Jersey. While there, he built "Elizabeth Castle" on a rocky islet, in the 1590s.
See my separate page on Raleigh's attempts at the colonisation of America which took place at this time.
Raleigh arranged for the construction of one of the ships involved in fighting the Armada.
"The Ark Royal" weighed 800 tons and was completed in 1587.
It had four masts and a normal crew of 270.
The Treasury was very short of money to finance a fleet to fight the Armada.
Thus Raleigh donated the ship in exchange for an I.O.U. of £5,000.
The "Ark Royal" was chosen to lead the English fleet against the
Armada in 1588.
It was rebuilt in 1608 and renamed "Anne Royal".
It was finally sunk due to an accident, in 1636.
In 1588
Sir Richard Grenville
(another link)
and Raleigh took over the joint defense of Devon and Cornwall against the expected
Spanish Armada. They arranged the construction of a series of beacons along the coasts.
These were to be lit when the Armada was first sighted.
As it happened, land-based soldiers did little but watch the sea battles from the coast
and guard some Spanish prisoners.
Considering the Queen's evident affection for him, it was not unexpected that she should be displeased with his love affair with one of her Maids of Honour, Bessie Throckmorton (background). The Queen had him thrown in the Tower of London (click here for picture). He was released after one of his ships brought back a huge treasure on the captured Spanish ship "Madre De Dios".
He married Bessie and retired to his manor at Sherborne, Dorset. Here he built Sherborne Castle in 1594. >From 1617 this has been the home of the Digby family (17th. century Earls of Bristol).
In 1603 Queen Elizabeth the first died and James the first took the throne. Raleigh was then framed as a member of a plot against the throne and sentenced to life imprisonment.
Whilst in the Bloody Tower he wrote the "History of the World" ( excerpt ) which was first printed in 1614. It was composed of five volumes but only reached as far as the second Macedonian War in 130 BC.
The West Country Studies Library in Exeter has a number of copies of this book. A particularly fine example from 1617 was "Printed by William Stansby for Walter Burre, and are to be sold at his Shop in Paules Church-yard at the sign of the Crane".
In the Preface to the book Raleigh says "How unfit, and how unworthy a choice I have made of my selfe to undertake a worke of this mixture." He goes on to refer to those who put him in the Tower as "ungentle and uncourteous Readers" and thanks them for putting him there "For had it been otherwise, I should hardly have had the leisure, to have made myself a foole in print".
Yet again he was released but was then involved in another expedition against the Spanish. Their influence at court managed to have him re-arrested on his previous charge and he was finally sentenced to be beheaded.
At his execution in 1618 he asked to see the axe and said "This is a sharp Medicine, but it is a Physician for all Diseases."
As was common at the time, his head was embalmed and presented to his wife. She
apparently carried it with her at all times until she died 29 years later at the age of
82.
The head was finally buried with their son (Carew - like Sir Walter, a one-time Governor
of Jersey) alongside the body of Sir Walter to the South side of the alter at
St. Margaret's Church.
This is just next to Westminster Abbey. It was founded in the 12th century and is the
parish church of the House of Parliament.
It is worth noting that spelling in those days was largely free-style and that those who transcribed poems often added their own "improvements". Thus the known words from his poems may well be inaccurate.
Here are a number of links to some further quotes from his poems, and a lookup facility.
| Type | Title | Author | Details | Further information and ordering |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| * against the title means that we have a copy | ||||
| Book | * Sir Walter Ralegh and the Quest for El Dorado | Marc Aronson | ISBN 0 3958 4827 X. Published by Clarion Books, May 2000. 240 pages. This excellent book is also about maps and how mapping both created and reflected a new way of seeing the world. Winner of the Boston Globe / Horn Book prize for nonfiction for young readers. | |
| Book | * The Raleigh Country | Eric R. Delderfield | ERD Publications & Raleigh Press, Newton Abbot, first published 1949. ISBN 0 9003 4514 4. Mainly covers the East Devon area, with a section on Raleigh. | |
| Book | * That great Lucifer | Margaret Irwin | A portrait of Sir Walter Ralegh, published by Allison & Busby. ISBN 0 7490 0327 8 | |
| Book | Discoverie of the Large, Rich and Bewtiful Empire of Guiana | By Sir Walter Ralegh. Edited, annotated and transcribed by Neil L. Whitehead | Published by University of Oklahoma Press, 1998. | |
| Book | * Towers in the Mist | Elizabeth Goudge | A historical novel involving Raleigh's time at Oxford University | |
| Book | Fortune my Foe | Geoffrey Trease | A biography of Sir Walter Raleigh. First published 1949. His books are normally described as "children's", having a factual background with a fictional main character. | Not in print |
| Book | Sir Walter Ralegh, An Annotated Bibliography | Edited by Christopher M. Armitage | Not in print | |
| Book | The Incredible Armada | James Mildren | Published by Halsgrove Devon Books, ISBN 0 86114 819 3. | |
| Book | Sir Walter Raleigh’s Speech from the Scaffold | John Parker and Carol A. Johnson | ISBN 0-9601798-5-2 from the James Ford Bell Library | |
| Book | * Sir Walter Raleigh | John Winton | ISBN 0 7181 1001 3. Published by Michael Joseph of London, copyright 1975. A large and detailed book. | |
| Book | * Sir Walter Raleigh | Eric Ecclestone | Penguin Books. First published 1941. 118 pages, paperback. | Not in print |
| Book | * Raleigh and the British Empire | David B. Quinn | English Universities Press. First published 1947. 272 pages, hardback. | Not in print |
| Book | * Sir Walter Raleigh | A Ladybird Book, for younger children. First published 1957. 51 pages, hardback. Short but well illustrated. | Not in print | |
| Book | Sir Walter Raleigh in Ireland | Sir John Pope-Hennessy | Published London, 1883. | Not in print |
| Book | Death of the Fox: A Novel of Elizabeth and Ralegh | George P. Garrett | Published by Harcourt, 1991. 739 pages, ISBN 0 1562 5233 3 | |
| Book | Sir Francis Drake | George Malcolm Thompson | Book Club Associates 1972 - this page includes several extracts relating to Raleigh and Grenville. | Not in print |
| Film | Elizabeth | Michael Hurst | See the website. Director: Shekhar Kapur. Starring: Cate Blanchett. Not very true to history but worth watching. | |
| Painting | The boyhood of Raleigh | Millais | Original is at the Tate Gallery | Ordering a copy. |
| Book | Tudor food and pastimes | F.G. Emmison | Useful background reading covering the way of life at the home of one of Raleigh's contemporaries - Sir William Petre | Not in print |
| Book | Elizabethan life | F.G. Emmison | More useful background reading | Not in print |
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