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>L 5 dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/ n)*gdf laBfyL{ lhag ljtfO{ alS;bf >L kz"ltzD;]/ h=j=/fsf] cWoIftfdf ul&t olt ;+:yfn] ljleGg ptf/ r(fjx? kf/ ub}{ lgs} &'nf ;d:ofx?;¤u h"em\b} g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] klxrfgnfO{ olt g]kfnL Pzf]l;Pzgsf gfdn] ;Dk')f{ o'=s]= df lj:tf/ ub}{ uO{/x]sf] s"/f xfdL ;a}nfO{ lalbt} % .
xfn cfP/ o; a]nfotl:yt g]kfnLx?sf] ;femf ;+:yfsf ?kdf ;+;f/e/L kl/lrt olt ;+:yfsf] Plss/)f x"g"sf] ;§f ^"qmf x"g k"u]sf] % . t/ o;cl# Pp^} ;+:yfsf] s]Gb| / zfvf gfdn] qmdzM n)*g / ld*Nof)* tyf gy{ o'=s]= df /x]sf] lyof] .
o; ;+:yfn] k|utL / pGgtLsf] ;§fdf o;df ;+nUg ePsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] cx+ efjgf / gftfjfb, s[kfjfb tkm{ a(L pGd"v ePsf] tkm{ w]/}h;f] a]nfotsf g]kfnL hgdfg;df rrf{ x"g]u/]sf] % . l&s o;}ljr olt ld*Nof)* tyf gy{n] Ps hgdt ;+u|x u/]/ l*;]Da/ 8 tfl/vsf lbg 94 k|ltzt ;b:ox?sf] ;dy{gdf olt ld*Nof)* tyf gy{nfO{ %"§} :jtGq ;+:yfsf] ?kdf k|ltkflbt u/]sf] % . o'uf}+b]lv ldn]/ a;]sf g]kfnLx? cfh lsg o;/L km"^g k"u] < s] of] sbd xfdL lab]zdf a:g] g]kfnLx?sf] nflu /fd|f] eof] / < of] ;a} xfdL Pstf k|]dL g]kfnLx?nfO{ vNnf] nfUg" :jefljs xf] .
o;af/]df hfgsf/Lx? k|fKt ug]{ l;nl;nfdf a"em\bf o; ;d:ofsf] >Lu)f]z /f]on tGb"/Ldf 17 dfr{ 1996 df ePsf] Pso'jf e]nfaf^ ;"? ePsf] s"/f ko{j]Ifsx?n] atfPsf %g .
tkfO{x?sf ax";+Vos ;b:ox?n] lsg o;/L %"§} :jtGq oltsf ?kdf a:g rfx]sf] < lsg tkfO{x? ^"lqmPsf] t < eGg] k|Zgdf olt dWo tyf pQ/ a]nfotsf kbflwsf/Lsf] egfO o:tf] /x]sf] %
- pxf¤x?sf] egfO{ cg";f/ 1993 b]lv g} ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ug"{kg]{ s"/f jt{dfg cWoIf *f= /f#j lwtfn cfkm}+ cu|;/ x"g"x"GYof] / To;nfO{ ;a}n] :jLsf/ ul/ 10 ;]K^]Da/ 1995 df *f= efis/ zdf{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf Pp^f ljwfg ;+;f]wg ;ldtL u&g ul/of] . *f= efis/ zdf{ tTsflng s]lGb|o sfo{;ldtLsf] ;b:o klg x"g"x"GYof] . ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltdf tTsflng tyf jt{dfg cWoIf *f= lwtfn, k'j{ pkfWoIf åo >L xl/ ljef]/ sfsL{ / >L w"|j s]=;L=, tTsflng dxf;lrj >L pQd uf]laGb cdfTo, dWo tyf pQ/ a]nfotsf] tkm{af^ tTsflng ;efklt *f= k|]d laqmd xdfn, tTsflng ;lrj >L k"ik >]i& / sfo{sfl/)fL *f= df]xg dfg k|wfg ;lxtsf] lawfg ;+;f]wg ;ldtL u&g ul/o]f . To; lawfg ;+;f]wg ;ldltn] tof/ kf/]sf] lawfg ;+;f]wg cg";f/ n)*g If]qLo ;+:yf / dWo tyf pQ/ a]nfot If]qLo ;+:yf /xg] / b"a} If]qaf^ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df al( ;b:o ePsf] ;+:yfaf^ 4 k|ltlglw / sd ;b:o ;+Vof ePsf] If]qLo ;+:yfaf^ 3 k|ltlglwx? s]lGb|o sfo{;ldltdf lgjf{rg k|)ffnLåf/f k|ltlglwx? s]lGb|o sfo{;ldltdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ k|fawfg ul/Psf] lyof] .*f= efis/ zdf{åf/f k|:tfljt lawfgnfO{ olt ;+:yfsf] tTsflng s]lGb|o
sfo{ ;ldltsf] a}&sn] k^s k^s 26 gf]e]Da/ 1995 / 25 km]a|"c/L 1996 df
cg"df]bg u/L ;fwf/)f ;efdf k|:t"t ug]{ lg)f{o u/]sf] lyof] . t/ s]xL JolQmx?sf]
cfkm\g} dxTjfsf+Iff / :jfy{n] ubf{ *f= efis/ zdf{åf/f k|:tfljt lawfg d:of}bf nfO{ kG%fP/
olt ;fwf/)f ;b:o o'jf e]nf elg ul/Psf] cToGt} dxTjfsf+IfL e]nfn] ;+:yfnfO{ bjfj lbP/
;+:yfn] ^+"+uf] nufpg yfln;s]sf] ;d:ofnfO{ ps]/f nufp+b} enhn ug]{ sfd u/\of] .
Toltdfq} geO{ cfkm'nfO{ s]Gb| / s]lGb|o eGg rfxg]x?n] olt dWo tyf pQ/ a]nfot zfvfnfO{ 11
h"nfO{ 1996 sf lbg ca}wflgs (+un] lgisf;g ug]{ b":;fx; klg u/\of] . gfd atfpg
grfxg] pQm zfvfsf kbflwsf/Ln] of] ;Dafbbftf ;¤usf] ^]lnkmf]g jftf{df lgs} ddf{xt tyf
b"lvt x"¤b} lo cfkm\gf u"gf;fx? kf]Vg" eof] . pxf¤n] eGg"eof]
To:tf] ug"{ /fd|f] xf]O{g elg ;a} &fp¤af^ la/f]w ePkl% pQm lg)f{onfO{ k"g
lkmtf{ lnO{ cfkm\gf] o'uf}+ b]lv ldn]/ a;]sf g]kfnLx?df vnaNofpg] aRrfkg, ckl/kSjtf /
cb"/bzL{tf sfd
u/\of] .
oltsf] lgjf{rgdf zfvfnfO{ lgjf{rgaf^ alGrt ug]{ clek|fon] Dofgr]i^/ b]lv n)*g ;Dd kf¤r #)^fsf] af^f] sf^]/ ef]^ xfNg cfpg] afWotf agfOof] .
lgjf{rg kZrft s]xL s]lGb|o kbflwsf/Lx?Ho'n] ;+:yfsf dxTjk')f{ / u+le/ laifox?df %nkmn / k/fdz{ lng] sfd u/]gg / zfvfnfO{ lt/:sf/ k')f{ Aoaxf/ u/\of] . olt kqdf zfvfsf] s"g} klg sfo{qmdx? k|sfzg gug"{ / ;+:yfut klqsfdf cfkm\gf g]kfn l:yt >LdtL / %f]/fx? clg gftf s"^"Dax?sf] n]v /rgfx? c^fpg] t/ ;+:yfsf] ultlalwx? c^fpg g;Sg" klg b"ef{Uos} s"/f xf] . pxf¤n] cem} s"/f cufl* a(fp¤b} eGg" eof] ca}wflgs ?kdf lawfg Aoa:yf gePsf] sfo{jfxs ;x;lrj lgo'lQm / s]lGb|o ;b:ox?sf] lgo'lQmdf klg zfvfnfO{ s"g} ;'rgf gug"{, cem /f]on lelh^ h:tf] dxTjk')f{ s"/fx?nfO{ ;d]t zfvfnfO{ nTofpg" sxf¤ ;Ddsf] ;dfh;]jL kg xf] < s] o:t}nfO{ ;dfh;]jL eGb%g < ;+:yfnfO{ Rof/Ll^ cu{gfOh];gdf btf{ ubf{ klg zfvfnfO{ yfx} glbg" / To;sf] lx;fa lstfj sf] s"g} n]vf hf]vf gug"{ / hf] kfof] To;}nfO{ cl*^ ug{ lbg" s]lGb|o egfp¤bfx?sf] sx¤f;Ddsf] ;dfh ;]jf xf] <
Rof/L^L /sd lxgfldgf u/]sf] of] b]zdf s] lgod sfg'g % ;f] s"/f pxf¤x?nfO{ klg yfxf x"g"kg]{ .
xfdLn] k^s k^s *f= efis/ zdf{sf] lawfg d:of}bfnfO{ nfu"ug]{ k|s[of ckgfpg] dfu ub}{ cfof}+, To;nfO{ hlt a]af:tf u/]klg ;do ;dodf ;Demfp¤b} klg cfof}+ . k&fPsf kqx? kfPgf} ;d]t elgof] / /]s*]{* *]lne/L ul/ k&fPsf] kqx? kfPgf}+ ;d]t elgof] / lkmtf{ ul/of] . o;/L cfk'mdfly ul/Psf ;fdflhs cGofosf] af/]df xfdLn] w]/} ;zglzntf ckgfof}+ / xfd|f] ;+:yfut ldl^ñn] hgdt ;+u|x ug]{ lg)f{o u/\of] . To;}n] hgdt ;+u|x ubf{ hgtfn] %"§} a:g] elg ef]^ lbP To;} cg"?k xfdL %"l§Psf xf}+
- eGg] s"/f olt dWo tyf pQ/ a]nfotsf kbflwsf/Ln] atfPsf %g .o; ;Gbe{df olt, n)*gsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf ljrf/x? a"emg vf]Hbf pxf¤x?n] olt dWo tyf pQ/ a]nfotn] ;dodf kq gk&fPsf], cfkm' %"l§g" cl# s]xL dlxgfsf] k'j{ ;'rgf gu/L crfgs t/Lsfn] %"l§Psf] eGg] kq k|fKt ePsf] eGg] u"gf;f]x? AoSt ug"{ePsf] % .
o;/L cfkm\gf] AolQmut :jfy{sf] nflu ;+:yf k|of]u ug]{x? ;+:yfdf a;"Gh]n ;dfhsf] ljsf; ;Dej %}g . olt ;+:yfn] s"g} klg ;+# ;+:yfx?;¤u ;dfg Aoaxf/ ug{ g;Sg" b"vnfUbf] s"/f xf] . cfh xfdLn] s] dx;"; u/]sf %f}+ eg] olb lg:jfy{ut / k'jf{u|xL kbflwsf/Lx? of] ;+:yfdf e} lbPsf] eP cfh ;+:yfsf] of] ?k x"g] lyPg .
cem klg ;Dej ePdf b"j} kIfsf kbflwsf/Lx?n] cfcfkm\gf] cx+ efjgf %f*]/, k'jf{u|x %f*]/, lab]zdf g]kfnLx?sf] Ps l(Ssf x"g ;Sg] ca:yfsf] l;h{gf ug"{ kb{% . otL yf]/} ;+Vofdf /x]sf xfdL g]kfnLx? klg ^"qmf ^"qmfdf laeflht x"g"eGbf Ps l(Ssf eP/ lx+*g ;s]df xfdL klg cfkm\gf] b]z / b]zjf;Lsf] gfdnfO{ pRr /fVg ;Sg]lyof}+ . a]nfotsf] h"g;"s} s"gfdf ePklg xfdL ;a}sf] efjgf xfdL l;km{ g]kfnL xf}+ eGg] /fli^«o efjgf lnP/ cufl* lsg ga(g] < xfd|f] k]zf, Aoa;fodf cnu cnu ePtfklg ;fdflhs ;]jfsf If]qdf, ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf Ps} g]kfnL eP/ lx+*g ;Sg" kb{%, clg dfq ;dfhsf] ;]jf ug{ ;lsG% . xfd|f] ;f]rfOsf] w/ftnnfO{ cem km/flsnf] kfg"{ cfhsf] ;Gbe{df clt cfjZos ePsf] % .
;/sf/L clkm;sf] s"/f
Pp^f ;/sf/L c*\*fsf zfvf clws[tnfO{ sfof{nodf a;]/ sfd ug{ k^Ss} dg nfUb}g . #/af^ ljxfg 10 ah] sfof{no lg:sg] a]nf Ps tdf;fn] pgsf] dg lbSs x"G% . #/af^ lg:sg] a]nfdf pgnfO{ x/]slbg o:tf] nfU%, pgL sfof{no uO{/x]sf] %}gg, a? df#sf] d"^" s&\ofñu|Lg] hf*f]df lr;f] kf]v/Ldf *"a"NsL nufpg uO/x]sf %g . æha d sfof{nodf x"G%", vf]n RofltP/ kmf]d lg:sL /x]sf] ;f]kmf, lsNnf v"l:sPsf] s";L{, %/k§ kmfOnn] dnfO{ ps"; d"s"; agfp¤ % . sfof{no cfOk"Ubf d]/f] ;Dk')f{ hfu¤/ d/L;s]sf] x"G%Æ, ljr/f zfvf clws[t eG%g . ;fob, pgsf] lk*f clwsf+z ;/sf/L sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] xf] . w]/} ^f(f hfg" kb}{g, l;+xb/jf/ l:yt dGqfnod} pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lx? cToGt} gfh"s jftfj/)fdf sfd ul//fv]sf] htf ;"s} b]Vg ;lsG% .
;/sf/L sfof{nox?df h:tf] e@f jftfj/)f lghL If]qsf sfof{nodf sd} kfOG% . cem} sltko Jofkf/ u[xsf sfof{no lgs} pGgt ca:yfsf %g . Joj;foL ;+:yfsf o:tf sfof{non] pkef]QmfnfO{ cfsif{s ug"{sf] ;fy} cfkm\gf sd{rf/LnfO{ sfd ug]{ plrt jftfj/)f ;d]t lbPsf] b]lvG% .
5 aif{ cl# klxnf] ;+o"Qm nufgLsf] a}+s sf] ?kdf /fhwfgLdf g]kfn c/j a}+s sf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . ef*fsf] #/df a;]/ cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/ z"? ug]{ a}+s o;aLr sdnfbL l:yt cfkm\g} cTofw"lgs ejgdf ;/]sf] % . sfof{nosf] Joj:yfkgsf lx;fjn] em)*} ;/sf/sf] Pp^f dGqfno ejg htLsf] &'nf] gfljn xfp;sf] cfGtl/s ;hfj^ cToGt} ;t/stfsf ;fy ul/Psf] % .
k|To]s tnfdf /+u /f]ug,kmlg{r/, sfo{sIf, u|fxs k|ltIffno / ;f}rfno sf] oyf]lrt Aoa:yfn] a}snfO{ /fhwfgLsf] cfsif{s sfof{no ejgsf] ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] % .
;/sf/L sfof{nos} s"/f ubf{ /fhfsf] sfd slxn] hfnf #fd eGg] /f)ff sflng pvfg nfO{ rl/tfy{ ug]{ sfd k|hftGqsfndf klg eO/x]sf] % .
sd{rf/Lx? 10
-5 ahfpg d} Ao:t %g . t/ pgLx?nfO{ sfdsf] jftfj/)f lbg] tkm{ ;DaGw lgs}n] cem} ;f]rsf %}gg . tkfO{x?sf] sfof{nonfO{ ;kmf ;"£#/ agfpg dg nfUb}g < eGg] k|Zgdf pRr clwsf/Lx?sf] hjfkm x"G%, ah]^ g} %}g . t/ sfof{nosf] cfGtl/s ;hfj^df klg lghL If]qsf sfof{nx?n] lgs} &'nf] wg/fzL vr{ u/L /fv]sf %g, o:tf] vr{nfO{ ;fwf/)f a"$Ln] cgfjZos dfGg ;lsPnf . pkef]Qmf eg]sf] /fhf xf] eGg] cjwf/)fnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ pBdLx? o:tf] dfGg tof/ x"¤b}gg . gfljn a}+s sd{rf/LnfO{ sfdug]{ /fd|f] jftfj/)f lbO{ Aoa;fodf k|a${g ug]{ d@t ub{% . lsgeg] u|fxsx? klg sfof{nosf] ;kmf / ;"U#/ jftfj/)fdf cfpg rfxG%g . sfof{nodf xNnf / le* %}g, sd{rf/Lx? cf/fdbfoL tyf cfsif{s jftfj/)fdf sfd u/L /fv]sf %g . u|fxssf] k|ltIffnosf] nflu elgPsf] sf]&f ;d]t pRr:t/sf] % . e'O¤df ^]Sbf nrSs nlRsg] sfk]{^, cf/fdbfoL ;f]kmf, rf/}lt/ ;lhPsf dgdf]xs km'nsf udnfn] ;a}nfO{ :^f/sf] ;+Gt"li^ k|bfg u/L/x]sf] x"G% . gfljn a}+s Pp^f lalQo ;+:yf xf] . d'n's leq ;/sf/L / cw{;/sf/L a}+s / ;+:yfgx? sfo{/t %g . t/ tL ;a} sfof{nox? eGbf km/s gfljn a}+sdf k"Ug" u|fxsn] eg] Ps k^s ;+sf]r dfG%g, st} zl//sf] kmf]xf]/ t a}+ssf] leQfdf ;g]{ xf]Og <To:t} pbfx/)f g]kfnsf s]xL Jofkfl/s sfof{nox? klg pGgt :^f/sf %g . g]kfn pBf]u afl)fHo dxf;+#sf] sfof{no, rf}w/L u|"k, cdfTo OG^/k|fOh]h, uf]N%f xfp;, ^f]of]^f sDkgL, Hof]tL ejg, v]tfg Aoa;fox? klg pbfx/)fsf %g .
ha;Dd ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] jftfj/)fdf ;"wf/ ul/+b}g ta;Dd s"g} klg ;+#, ;+:yfgn] sd{rf/Lx?af^ / u|fxsaf^ klg u")f:t/sf] ;]jfsf] ck]Iff ug"{ a]sf/ % .
-sf];]nLsf] n]vdf cfwfl/t_
