>L 5 dxf/fhflw/fh jL/]Gb| jL/ljqmd zfxb]j ;/sf/sf] d}qLk')f{ lgdGq)ffdf l%d]sL ldq/fi^« ef/tsf /fi^«klt s]= cf/= gf/fo)fg\ cfufdL r}q 25 ut]af^ tLg lbgsf] g]kfnsf] cf}krfl/s e|d)fdf cfp¤b} x"g"x"G% .

g]skf PsLs[t dfS;{jfbL n]lggjfbL k"m^]]/ b"O{ ^"qmf ePkl% ca To; kf^L{sf] ;DkQL / bfloTjx? ;d]t c+zj)*f x"g] ePsf] % . afdb]j kIfn] aNv"l:yt sfof{no cfk"mn] agfPsf] x"gfn] ;f] #/ g]skf dfn]sf] x"g] bfjL ug"{ ePsf] % . Pdfn]sf ljleGg k]zfut ;+#;+u&gx?n] ljleGg pBf]u Joj;fo xf]^n, ^]Dkf], ^\ofS;L, b"O{j^f ^«fen Ph]G;L, k|];, sDKo'^/ OlG:^Ro'^x? klg ca hf] hf] htf nfU%g\ Tot} c+zj)*f x"g]% . Pdfn]sf] ;+;bLo bnsf] sfof{no klg ;f+;bx?sf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df c+zj)*f x"g]% . /fli^«o ;efsf] ljkIfL bnsf] x}l;ot ca afdb]jsf] dfn] kf^L{sf g]tfn] lng]%g\ / /fli^«o ;efsf k|d"v ljkIfL bnsf g]tfsf cfwf/df dxf;lrj dfwj g]kfnn] r(\g] uf*L vf]l;g] / ca Tof] uf*L g]skf dfn]sf g]tfn] r(\g]%g\ . t/ k|ltlglw ;efdf eg] k|d"v ljkIfL bn g]skf Pdfn]sf g]tf dgdf]xg clwsf/L g} x"g"x"g]% .

jof]a[$ k|hftfGqjfbL g]tf tyf :jtGq ;]gfgL ;"Gb/ /fh rfln;] sf] 79 aif{sf] pd]/df 24 km]a"|c/Lsf lbg cfkm\g} lgjf;df lgwg eof] . %ftL tyf lk;fj ;DaGwL /f]uaf^ lk*Lt g]tf rfln;] 10,11 lbg b]lv ;f] /f]un] Rofk]kl% #/d} pkrf/ u/fp¤b} cfpg" ePsf] lyof] . 2007 ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngdf klg ;lqmo ?kdf efu lng"x"g] :j= rfln;] lhp¤bf] zlxbsf ?kdf /xg" ePsf] lyof] . pxf¤ g]kfnL /fli^«o sf¤u|]; tyf g]kfnL k|hftflGqs sf¤u|];sf ;+:yfks ;b:o x"g"x"GYof] / xfn g]kfnL sf¤u|]; ;¤u ;Da$ x"g"x"GYof] . pxf¤sf] kfly{j zl//nfO{ ;f]xL lbg kz"klt cfo{#f^df pxf¤sf %f]/fx? k|fWofks ;"/]z/fh rfln;]n] bfu aQL lbg"ePsf] lyof] . kz"klt cfo{#f^df pxf¤sf] kfly{j zl//sf] clGtd bz{gsf] nflu g]kfnsf ljleGg /fhg}lts bnx?sf xhf/f}+ g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x?n] pkl:yltn] pxf¤nfO ;fb/ k'j{s clGtd >$f~hnL ck{)f u/]sf] lyof] .

g]kfnL sf¤u|];n] :j= rfln;]sf] b"Mvb cj;fgdf pxf¤n] ug"{ ePsf] Tofusf] ;Ddfgdf kf^L{ sfof{no 3 lbg ;Dd aGb ug"{sf] ;fy} cfwf em)*f klg em"sfPsf] lyof] .

k|x/L lstfj vfgfn] w|"a axfb"/ k|wfgnfO{ k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs kbdf pxf¤sf] 5 aif{ sf] kbfawL ;dfKt ePsf] eGb} k|x/L ;]jfaf^ cjsf; lbPsf] % . ljutdf k|x/L dxflg/LIfs kbdf klg 9 dlxgf ;Dd sfd u/L ;Sg" ePsf / xfn k|wfgdGqL sf laz]if ;Nnfxsf/sf ?kdf sfo{/t k|wfgn] xfd|f] ;DafbbftfnfO{ k|x/L lstfj vfgfn] pxf¤sf] cfkm\gf] ;flas s} k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs sf] kbaf^ o;/L x^fOg" u}/ sfg'gL % egL atfpg" ePsf] % .

k'j{ s[lif dGqL tyf gof¤ /fk|kfsf ;xcWoIf kb\d ;"Gb/ nfjtLnfO{ 15 dlxgf cl# clVtof/ b"?kof]u cg";Gwfg cfof]un] 7 s/f]* 18 nfvsf] e|i^«frf/ u/]sf] cf/f]kdf bfo/ u/]sf] d"@fdf nlntk"/ k"g/fj]bg cbfntsf Gofolw; dfwj yfkfsf] Ps Psn Ohnf;n] ;kmfO{ lbg] lg)f{o u/]sf] % .

>L nfjtLn] ;f]xL cf/f]kdf k/]/ tTsflng ;/sf/df dGqL kbaf^ /fhLgfdf lbg" ePsf] lyof] .

sf&df)*f}+af^ k|sflzt x"g] cvjf/x?df of}g laifo ;¤u ;DalGwt :tDe n]vg ub}{ cfpg" ePsf afT;fog eg]/ lrgLg] sgslåk ljut s]xL lbg b]lv pRr /Qm rfksf sf/)f c:j:Yo x"g" ePsf] % . pxf¤ c:j:Yo ePsf] sf/)fn] ubf{ pxf¤åf/f n]lvg] ul/Psf lt :tDex? clxn] klqsfx?df ljxLg ePsf %g .

pgL ;befjgf /fhb't eP/ lxdfnL clw/fHo cfO{g / ;of}+ g]kfnL k|z+;sx?sf] d"^"sL ^]lg; v]nf*L dflq{gf lxñlu;n] ^]lg; If]qdf dfq cfkm\gf] gfd s"+b]ls %}gg, pgsf] lstL{ ljZjdf sd ;"lawf k|fKt ;d"bfosf] lxtdf klg plQs} sfod % . ev{/ 17 aif{sL ;"Gb/L v]nf*Ln] ljZjsf pRr ^]lg; k|ltof]lutfx? lhtL ;s]ls %g, pgsf] ljho cleofg cfp¤bf aif{x?df klg plQs} /xf]; eg]/ g]kfnL k|z+;sx?n] o;kfnL sfdgf ug{ kfP, ax"rl/q cg"xf/nfO{ km'ndfnfsf] ;Tsf/ ug{ kfP . cg]sf}+ k|ltof]uLx?sL Jo:ttf jLr klg ;"^"Ss ;do lgsfn]/ 4 lbgsf nflu g]kfn cfPls dfl^{gf lxñuL; sf&df)*f}+af^ gjnk/f;L k"u]/ ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u&gn] rfx]em}+ l^^]g; kl/of]hgfsf nflu w]/}sf] Wofg lkm+hfpg ;kmn eOg . pgn] :yfgLo afl;Gbfx? ;¤u cfgGbn] enf s";f/L u/Lg, To:tf dflg;;¤u hf] k')f{tofM pgsf] :^f/ JolQmTj ;¤u ckl/lrt lyP . s] pgL km]/L g]kfn cfpnLg t < ljbfOsf a]nf sf&df)*f}+ ljdfg:yndf :jL; ;"Gb/Ln] xf¤;]/ elgg,
;fob .

g]skf Pdfn]leq}af^ g]skf dfn] gfdsf] kf^L{ btf{ ug{ x:tfIf/ ug"{ x"g] tfKn]h"ñsf ;f+;b clDasf ;¤Fjfn] dxf;lrj dfwj g]kfn;Fu uP/ cfk"mn] x:tfIf/ lkmtf{ lnPsf] eGg] aofg lbg"ePsf] %. /fli^«o ;efsf cWoIf a]gLaxfb"/sfsL{ / ;+;b ;lrjfnosf dxf;lrj O{Zj/k|;fb pkfWofosf] ;fd"Gg]

afdb]j uf}tdsf] g]t[Tjsf] go¤F kf^L{ g]skf dfn] vf]Ng b:tvt ug]{ / ;gfvt ;d]t e};s]sf] x:tfIf/ jf:tf gu/L cfk"m Pdfn] lt/}x]sf] eg]sf] x"gfn] To;sf] cfwf/df g]skf Pdfn]sf dxf;lrj dfwjs"df/ g]kfn n] ;+;b ;lrjfnodf Ps lgj]bg btf{ u/fpg" ePsf] % . ;f] lgj]bgdf ;f+;b clDasf ;fFjfn] cfk"mn] x:tfIf/ lkmtf{ lnPsf] pNn]v ePsf] % . o;af^ slxn] otf / slxn] ptf ;g]{ /fk|kf ;f+;bx?sf] /f]u Pdfn]df klg ;/]sf] eGg] s"/f k|i^ ePsf] % .

g]kfnaf^ a+unfb]z eO{ t];|f] b]z;Fu Jofkf/ ug{ g]kfnnfO{ ef/t] lbPsf] k'mnjf/L dfu{sf] kl/jxg ;+ljwf o;eGbf cl# 6 dxLgfsf] nflu lyof] . ;f] cjlw xfn} ;dfKt ePsf] lyof] . o;}aLr ;f] ;DaGwdf jfl)fHo dGqfnoaf^ hf/L ul/Psf] k|]; lj!lKt cg";f/ jfl)fHodGqL /fdljnfz ofbj / ef/tLo /fhb't s]=eL= /fhgsf aLr gof¤ ;GwL af/] %nkmn ePsf] % .

;+o'St hgdf]rf{ g]kfnsf] bf];|f] /fli^«o ;Dd]ng hgsk"/df ;DkGg ePsf] % . ;hdf]sf] go¤F g]t[Tj rog ePsf] % . h; cg";f/ cWoIfdf k'j{ ;f+;b clds z]/rg, pkfWoIfdf lrqaxfb"/ cfn], dxf;lrjdf k'j{ ;f+;b lnnfdl)f kf]v/]n lgjf{lrt x"g"ePsf] % . s]Gb|Lo ;b:odf ;fWoaxfb"/ e)*f/L, bfgaxfb"/ ljZjsdf{,

lbnaxfb"/ >]i&, bfjf nfdf, k|Nxfb, a"(fyf]sL, bLkaxfb"/ of]~hg, lji)f"axfb"/ tfdfñ, ljZjgfy zfx, wd{rGb| nfjtL / xl/zrGb| >]i& lgjf{lrt x"g"ePsf] % .

;hdf]sf cWoIf /xb} cfpg" ePsf g]kfn sDo"lgi^ kf^L{sf ;+:yfks ;b:o lg/~hg uf]ljGb j}Bsf] cWoIftfdf rGb]|Zj/ >]i&, c;kmL{ ldgjf/, l*NnLh+u u"? /xg" ePsf] ;Nnfxsf/ kl/ifb u&g ePsf] % . lg/+hg uf]ljGb j}Bsf] pd]/ / :jf:Yosf] sf/)f jxf¤nfO{ ;Nnfxsf/ k|d"v agfO{ o"jf afdg]tf lnnfdl)f kf]v/]nsf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf ;+o"St hgdf]rf{ ca cl# a(\g] ePsf] % .

pSt clwj]zgdf ljleGg kf^L{sf k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:ylt tyf ljleGg JolQmTjx?af^ z"esfdgf ;Gb]z k&fO{ sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

g]kfnsf nflu a]nfotsf /fhb't Pn=jL= l:dyn] uf]vf{ lhNnf af/kfs ufp¤ hf]*\g] /Hh"dfu{ -/f]k j]_sf] Ps ;df/f]xsfaLr pb\#f^g ug"{eof] . ;f] ;df/f]xnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ /fhb't l:dyn] jf/kfssf] c;L k|ltzt #/sf JolQmx?n] lj|l^z uf]vf{ bndf ;]jf u/]af^ of] ufp¤sf] a]nfot;¤u gftf hf]l*Psf] % eGg"eof] . uf]vf{df ;fgf of]hgfx?n] hg;dy{g kfP/ y"k|} ljsf; lgdf{)f sfo{x? ;DkGg ePsf] pNn]v ub}{ pxF¤n] ;f]xL sf/)faf^ a]nfotn] of] /Hh" dfu{nfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] xf] eGg"eof] . s/Lj ;f&L nfv ?k}o¤Fsf] nfutdf lgld{t pQm /Hh" dfu{sf] nflu a]nfotL b'tfjf;n] s/Lj 46 nfv ?k}ofF pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] . o; /Hh" dfu{ g]kfndf ;"Id hnzlQmaf^ ;~rflnt ;fdfg cf];fg]{ klxnf] /Hh"dfu{ xf] . of] /Hh"dfu{ 2=3 ls=dL= nfdf] % . gf} ;o ld^/ tndfly prfO{df ;fdfg cf];f{g ;lsg] u/L lgdf{)f ul/Psf] of] /Hh" dfu{df Ps s]=hL=sf] krf; k};f ef*f nfUb% h"g el/of / vRr/sf] k|of]udf lgSs} ;:tf] /x]sf] % . ;fdfg nfg] Nofpg] b"O{ ^f]s/L /flvPsf] of] /Hh"dfu{sf] Ifdtf xfn Ps;o krf; s]=hL /x]sf] % . of] /Hh" dfu{n] 15 ldg]^df Ps l^«k ;fdfg cf];f%{ hals ;f]xL b"/Ldf el/ofsf] k|of]u ubf{ kf¤r #)^f nfUg] ub{% . of] /Hh" dfu{af^ lbgdf tLg ^g ;fdfg cf];fg{ ;lsg] atfOPsf] % .

of] /Hh" dfu{sf] pks/)fx? :jL^\h/Nof)*af^ NofOPsf] lyof] eg] o;sf] k|fljlws sfo{ lxdfn xfO*«f] sDkgLn] u/]sf] lyof] . ;df/f]xdf cfof]hgf k|d"v jL/axfb"/ #n]n] cfof]hgfsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug"{ePsf] lyof] eg] lgdf{)f ;ldltsf cWoIf t]haxfb"/ #nn] :jfut dGtJo /fVg" ePsf] lyof] . o;}aLr /Hh"dfu{ lgdf{)f If]qdf sfd ug]{ el/ofx?n] /Hh"dfu{ lgdf{)faf^ cf^gf] Joj;fo lj:yflkt x"g] ePsf]df lj/f]w u/]sf %g\ .

kmfu" k'l)f{dfsf] cj;/df jL/u~h d}lynL ;flxTo kl/ifbsf] cfof]hgfdf jL/u~hdf dxfd'v{ ;Dd]ng x"g] ePsf] % . o; ;Dd]ngdf hgsk"/, /fhlj/fh, dxf]Q/L, /f}tx^, af/f / ef/t dw"jgLsf s/Lj 22 hgf xfF:oJoñ\Uo snfsf/x?sf] ;xeflutf x"g] s"/f kl/ifbn] hgfPsf] % . .

dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof)f dGqfno / *]lg; b'tfjf;åf/f ;+o"Qm?kdf Ps r]lna]^L a]rlavg tyf b]xAofkf/ lgoGq)f ;DalGw uf]i&L rf}tf/fdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . pSt uf]li&sf] ;efkltTj dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof)f dGqfnosf ;lrj wgfgfy cf]emfn] ug"{ePsf] lyof] .

pSt ;efdf hn;|f]t dGqL kz"klt zDz]/ ha/fn] r]lna]^L a]rlavg tyf b]xAofkf/ b]zs} nflu uDeL/ ;d:of ag]sf] % . s"g} klg /fhg}lts kf^L{n] cfk'mnfO{ kmfObf x"g] p@]Zo g/fvL Psdt eP/ cufl* a(]df of] ;d:of lgoGq)f ug{ ;lsG% eGg"eof] . dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof)f /fHodGqL ldgf kf)*]n] r]lna]^L a]rlavg h:tf] lgGbgLo sfo{af^ cGt//fli^«o :t/d} zL/ e"msfpg"kg]{ l:ylt cfPsf] atfpg" eof] . ;f+;b sdnf kGtn] r]lna]^L a]rlavg b]zsf] sn+ssf]?kdf /x]sf] pNn]v ug"{eof] .

g]kfn sDo'lgi^ kf^L{ Pdfn] k'm^]/ b"O{ ^"qmf ePkl% g]kfnsf] ;Qf /fhgLltsf] ?k/]vfdf g} &'nf] kl/jt{g cfPsf] % . lxhf];Dd ;Qf;dLs/)fsf dxTjk')f{ c+u agL cTolws nfe p&fO{ cfpg] g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf^L{, g]dlskf, d;fn / rf/hgf :jtGq ;f+;bx? clxn] dxTjxLg aGg k"u]sf %g\ .

ltAatsf] l;dfjtL{ If]q nfdfju/ uf=la=;sf] gfsf of]] aif{ lx+p¤n] wKkSs} (fs] klg g]kfn k|j]z ug]{ ltAatL z/)ffyL{x? g]kfn k|j]z ug{ %f*]gg .

ltAat;¤u nfkr] ;Dd cfOk"Ug ltAatLx? nfO{ 5, 7 lbg eGbf a(L nfU% . otL nfdf] ofqf lxp¤n] (fs]sf] af^f] lx+*]/ rl/sf]^ ;Dd cfOk"Ug sltko ltAatLx?sf xft v"§fsf cf}+nf g} lx+p¤n] vfO;s]sf] x"G% . 2054 ;fn ebf} b]lv olx kmfu"g ;Dddf 151 hgf ltAatLnfO{ kx/Ln] kqmfp u/L cWofudg ljefudf k&fPsf] hfgsf/L k|x/Lsf] ;'qn] lbPsf] % .

s]xL ;do cl#;Dd kmf^km'^ ?kdf lelqg] ltAatLx? xfn cfP/ ;d"xut ?kdf g]kfn lelqg] yfn]kl% o;n] eljiodf kg]{ k|efjsf ;DaGwdf ;Defljt lgsfox?n] rf;f] glnPsf] efg kg{ yfn]sf] % .

xfdLnfO{ k|fKt tYof° cg";f/ ;g 1959 b]lv 1995 ;Dddf g]kfn k|j]z ug{ yfn]sf ltAatLx?sf] ;+Vof 20 b]lv 25 xhf/ ;Dd k"u]sf] % . g]kfn / rLg lar 1981 sf] gf]e]Da/ 22 df ;DkGg ;GwL cg";f/ l;df If]qsf] 30 lsnf]ld^/ j/ a;f]af; ug]{ g]kfnL / ltAatL b"j}n] b"a} b]zsf] l;df jf/kf/ ug{ kfp¤% . olx ;"lawfsf] pkof]u u/L ltAatLx? g]kfn k|j]z ub}{ u/]sf] xf] . l;df If]qdf /flvPsf k|x/L rf}sLdf sltko k|x/Lsf] cf¤vf %nL ltAatLx? g]kfn lelqG%g eg] sltkon] k|x/LnfO{ k};f v"jfP/ klg lelqG%g eg]/ l;df If]qsf afl;Gbfx? eGb%g . t/ k|x/L eg] To; If]qdf ltAatLx?n] b"Mv lbg / k};f VjfP/ lelqg] sfd k|x/Ln] gu/]sf] bfjL ub{%g .

emg ltAatLx?nfO{ kqmfp u/]/ sf&df)*f} ;Dd k"/\ofp¤bf cfkm}+ nfO{ b}lgs eQfdf cem /fd|f] k};f kfpg] x"¤bf To:tf] u}/ sfg'gL sfd ug"{ gkg]{ egL atfp¤b%g .

z/)ffyL{ ;DaGwL g]kfndf plrt sfg'g sf] cefj ePsf] sf/)f klg g]kfndf z/)ffyL{ ;d:of ePsf] s"/f ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx? atfp¤b%g .

z/)ffyL{ ;DaGwL ;+o"Qm/fi^« ;+#sf] pRr cfof]un] ltAatLx? nfO{ kqmfp u/]/ cWofudg ljefu ;Dd k"/\ofp¤bf nfUg] vr{ tyf k|x/LnfO{ k|z:t b}lgs e|d)f eQf lbg] u/]kl% k|x/Lx? ltAatL kqmg emg pT;flxt b]lvPsf %g .