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cfrfo{, s+rgk"/, ;Kt/L
xfnM MSc in Computer Science
University of London
o;n]vdf g]kfndf g]kfnL /fi^«efiffdf eO{/x]sf cfqmd)fx? Pj+ ;d:ofx?sf jf/]df s]xL rr{f ug{ vf]lhPsf] % .
b]znfO{ Ps ;"qdf af¤Wg ;j{k|yd /fli^«o efiff cfp¤% . g]kfnsf] /fli^«o efiff g]kfnL efiffn] g]kfnsf 14 c+~rn 75 lhNnfsf g]kfnLx?nfO{ Pp^} ynf]df ;d]^g ;s]sf] % . x/]s ax"eflifs b]zdf /fli^«o efiffn] b]zsf ;Dk')f{ hgtfnfO{ ;d]^g] ub{% / o;sf] :yfg klg clt pRr /xG% . o;sf cltl/Qm cGo :yflgo, If]lqo efiffx?sf] klg %"§} dxTj /xG% . b]zsf] klxrfg eg]sf] To; b]zsf] /fli^«o efiff nufot cGo efiffx?, ;+:s[lt, snf, ;flxTo xf] . g]kfn h:tf] ;fgf] d"n"sdf ljleGg hg hftL, ;d"bfodf y"k|} :yfgLo efiffx? af]Ng] ul/Ptf klg b]zsf] /fli^«o efiff, g]kfnL efiffsf] dxTj clt pRr % .
k|hftGqsf] k"g:yf{kgf kl%sf] klxnf] ;/sf/n] ;j{k|yd /fli^«o efiffdf g} k|xf/ u/\of] / nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf^ ;dfj]z ePsf] laifox?dWo] g]kfnL efiffsf] laifonfO{ clgjfo{af^ P]lR%s agfOof] . of] Pp^f /fli^«efiff dflysf] ;fñ#flts xdnf ePsf] lyof] . t/ To;j]nf o; laifonfO{ h"g?kdf :kli^s/)f lbOPtf klg o;sf ljs[tLx? s]lx aif{df b]lvg yfNof] . b]zsf k|fl!s ju{x? r"k nfu]/ a:g ;s]gg . pgLx?sf] bl/nf] sbdn] xfn /fli^«o efiffn] k"gM ;Ddfg kfPsf] % .
xfd|f] /fli^«o g]kfnL efiffdf ef/tLo /fli^«oefiff, lxGbL n] lgs} xdnf ul//x]sf] kfOG% . t/fO{sf g]kfnLx? dWo] sltko ;d"bfosf dflg;x?sf] g]kfn ef/t v"nf l;dfgfsf sf/)faf^ lbgx"¤ cfjt hfjt nufot j}jflxs ;DaGw klg uf¤l;g] u/]sf] % . o:n]ubf{ l;dfgf kf/L af]nLg] lxGbL efiffn] t/fO e]udf lgs} cfqmd)f ul/;s]sf] % . o;sf cltl/Qm s]xL t/fO{jf;L g]kfnLx?sf] :yfgLo efiff klg lxGbL g} ag]sf] % .
b]zsf] /fhwfgLdf /f]huf/Lsf] /fd|f] cj;/x?, ufd]{G^, sfk]{^, KnDa/, xhfd, l;sdL{, *sdL{, kfg k;n, t/sf/L k;n, HofdL cflb h:tf Jofkf/ Jo;fosf] l/Qmtf xfd|f :jb]zsf g]kfnL bfh"efO{ lbbL alxgLx?af^ zLksf] cefjdf k"/fug{ g;s]sf] sf/)faf^ ef/tLox?sf] a(\bf] qmd % . pgLx? /fhwfgL uP/ pgLx?s} efiff af]Nb%g, s]lx ;d:of %}g . logLx?;¤u ;Dks{df cfpg] hf] sf]xL g]kfnL klg l;w} lxGbL af]Ng] u/]sf] kfOG% . /fi^«sf cGoefux? eGbf a(L h;f] ;DkGg dflg;x? sf&df)*f}df g} a;f]af; ug]{ ub{%g . x/]ssf #/df l^=eL= / lel*of] *]s x"g" eg]sf] ;fwf/)f s"/f xf] . lxGbL efiffdf lgdf{)f ul/g] rnlrqx? a(L h;f] le*Lof] *]såf/f #/ #/df x]l/G% eg] o:tf rnlrqx? b]zsf ;a}h;f] k|d"v zx/x?df ePsf rnlrq dlGb/x?df b]vfOg] ul/G% / o;n] lgs} ahf/ kfPsf] klg % . rnlrqsf] dfWodåf/f g]kfndf lxGbL efiffn] lgs} xf¤uf km}nfp¤b}% .
pkTosfdf a;f]af; ug]{ g]jf/ ;d"bfodf af]nrfn ul/g] :yfgLo efiff g]jf/L efiff dft[efiff x"g] JolQmnfO{ g]kfnL efiff /fd|/L cfp¤b}g t/ rnlrqsf] k|efjn] ubf{ p:nfO{ lxGbL eg] ;flxTo %f¤^]/ af]Ng cfp¤% . To:t} ;f]n"v"Da"sf] z]kf{ ;d"bfodf af]nLg] z]kf{ efiff dft[efiff x"g] JolQm g]kfnL efiff /fd|/L af]Ng cfp¤b}g t/ Disk Antenna (Satellite) sf] dfWodaf^ k|;f/)f ul/g] lxGbL tyf c+u|]hL efiffsf sfo{qmdsf] k|efjn] ubf{ lxGbL / c+u|]hL /fd|/L ;flxTo %f¤^]/ af]Ng ;S% . o;/L ljZjsf] ;+rf/ dfWoddf j}!flgs pks/)fx? - e'pku|x sf] dfWodaf^ ;'rgf Pj+ ;+rf/sf] ljsf; xfn lta| ePsf] % . c? /fi^«x?n] To;sf] pkof]u u/L cfkm\gf efiff, ;+:s[ltx?sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ ;/sf/n] g} k|f]T;fxg ug]{, o; If]q;¤u ;Da$ ju{nfO{ ^]jf lbP/ rf/}lt/ efiff / ;+:s[ltdf cfqmd)f ug{ nflu/x]sf] % . otf xfd|f] b]zdf b"Mv nfUbf] s"/f s] % eg] b]zsf] Pp^} dfq ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] g]kfn ^]lnlehgaf^ k|;f/)f ul/g] sfo{qmdx? g]kfnsf ;a} &fp¤x?af^ g]kfnLx?n] x]g{ ;Sb}gg . t/ t/fO{df emfkf b]lv dx]Gb| gu/ ;Dd, kxf*df Onfd b]lv h"Dnf ;Dd htf tt} Disk Antenna (Satellite) sf] k|of]un] ubf{ cGoefiffx?sf sfo{qmdx? x]g]{ ul/G% . o;/L eflifs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts cfqmd)f ;+rf/dfWodaf^ x"gyfn]sf] % .csf]{lt/ xfdLx? af]nrfnsf] qmddf ef/tLo ;¤u af]Nbf g]kfnL efiffdf af]Ng"sf] ;§f lxGbL efiffdf g} af]Ng z"? ub{%f}+ hf] xfd|f] &'nf] sdhf]/L xf] . h:t} ts{f/L lsGg] a]nfdf æcf] efO{, lstg] d] b]uf <Æ eg]/ ;f]$%f}+ . p:n] hjfkm lbO/x]sf] x"G% g]kfnLdfM æxh"/=== otLdf ===Æ t/ klg km]/L xfdLx? /jfkm b]vfp¤b} lxGbLd} k|ltk|Zg Pj+ s"/fsfgL ug]{ ub{%f}+ . olb p g]kfnLdf af}Nb} % eg] lsg lxGbLdf af]Ng] <
Pslbgsf] s"/f xf], d / d]/L >LdtL b"a}hgf #"Dg zlgjf/sf] lbg /fd|f] df};d ePsfn] afnfh" uPsf lyof}+ . cGoq To:tf] &fp¤ kfs{x?sf] sldn] ubf{ afnfh"df ;bfem} To;lbg klg lgs} dfG%]x? ;d"x ;d"xdf s]fxL jgef]h -lkslgs_ sf]xL kl/jf/sf ;fy cfPsf lyP . crfgs sfnf] d}nf] afbn nfUof], jtf; rNg yfNof] / s]xL a]/d} kflg bs{g yfNof] . s]lx #)^fdfq #fd nflu uld{ePsf] lyof] eg] t"?Gt} d";n wf/] kflg bs{g yfNof] . xfdL b"a} Toxf¤ glhs} /x]sf] ^x/fdf cf]t nfUg uof}+ . Toxf¤ af}$af^ kl/jf/sf ;fy cfPsf JolQmx? lkslgs vfO /dfOnf] ul//x]sf lyP . xfdLx? Tolx+ pleO /x]sf lyof}+ . d]/L >LdtL crfgs l/ñ^f nfu]/ Toxf¤ e'¤O{df nl*g -ue{jtL ePsf sf/)f sdhf]/L eP/_ . Toxf¤ d"(fdf al;/x]sf Pshgf z]kf{bfO{n] eg], æcf] efO;fj
! cfkls ljjLsf] oxfk/ lj&fOPÆ eg], / p&fpg d@t klg u/] Pj+ lgs} ;xof]u klg . lgs} ldhfl;nf dflg; /x]%g . t/ pgn] g]kfnLdf af]n]gg . lxGbLdf af]n] . zfob d]/f] h"¤uf b]v]/ ef/tLo eG&fg]/ xf]nf . o:tf y"k|} pbfx/)fx? %g hxf¤ xfdL /fli^«o efiffsf ;afndf lgs} lk%l*Psf %f}+ .xfd|f /fli^«o:t/sf g]tfx?n] klg /fli^«o efiff tyf /fi^«efiffx?nfO{ k|xf/ ul//x]sf pbfx/)fx? kfOG%g . sltko lhNnfx?df cfof]hgf ul/Psf ;efx?df ;Daf]wg ug]{ qmddf :yfgLo af]nrfn ul/g] efiffdf ;Daf]wg ug"{sf] ;§f lxGbL efiffdf ug]{ ub{%g . xf], olb s"g} e]usf ax";+Vos gful/s k(g n]Vg ghfg]sf Pj+ /fli^«o efiff af]Ng hfGb}gg eg] Toxf¤ af]nLg] :yfgLo efiffnfO{ g} k|fyldstf lbg" kg]{df To;f] ul/+b}g .
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! /fhf eGg"x"G% -jT; ltdL h] eG%\of} To]f ;a} d ug{ tof/ %", d]/f] #/df sf]xL k"qL %}g . ltdL cGtk"/df d]/L wd{ kTgLsf] ;fy k"qLsf] ?kdf a; . ltd|f] laafx ;do cg";f/ ul/lbp+nf, ltd|f] eg]cg";f/ x"g]% . sGofn] /fhfsf] s"/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/Lg . tLy{sf] ;do k"/f ePkl% /fhfsf] ;fy} blIf)f dy"/f /fhwfgLdf /xg yfnLg . /fhfk")olglwsf] wd{klTg ljGWofjln cfkm\gf] klt ;dfg z"$ x[bols lyO{g . kltj|tf /fhfsf] dg cfkm\gf] dg, cfkm\gf] hLjg /fhfsf] hLjg dfGblyO{g . Psn] csf]{nfO{ k|;Gg ug]{ k')f{ r]i&f x"GYof] . sGofsf] pkl:ytLn] /fhdxndf /f}gs cfPsf] lyof] . /fgLn] sGofnfO{ cfkm\gf] k"qL;dfg Aoaxf/ ub{lyOg . k/fO{sf] Aoaxf/ slxn] x"g lbOgg . o;/L ;do latL/x]sf] lyof] .eujfgsf] lnnf crDd ljlrqsf] % . slxn] s"g axfgfn] s:nfO{ s[kf ug]{ Tof] pgsf] l;jfo c? s;}n] a"em\g yfxf kfpg ;Sb}gg . /fhbDktLnfO{ Ps/t klg yfxf lyPg ls eujfgsf] cwf{légL nIdL sGof jgL /fhb/jf/df eujfg ;¤u n"sfdf/L v]ln/xg"x"G% . wd{, ;To st{Jo / k|lt!fkfngsf] k/LIff lng, :jo+ lnnf /Rg nfUg" ePsf] % . /fhfk")olglw dfly s[kff ug{ o;lnnf /lrPsf] lyof] . eujfgsf] lnnf ug]{ cj;/ cfO{k"Uof] . Pslbg sGof cfkm\gL ;+uLx? ;¤u} au}+rfdf km'nx? l^lk/x]ls lyOg / ;a} ;lvx? em)*} Pp^} pd]/sf] ePsf] x"¤bf x¤;L v]n dhfs eO/x]sf] lyof] . au}+rfsf] ;"Gb/ aftf/a)fdf crfgs Pp^f a|fDx)f b]vf k/\of] . a|fDx)fsf] sf¤wdf kfgLn] e/]sf] #*f lyof] . p:sf] Ps xftn] #*f ;dft]sf] lyof] t csf]{ xftdf %ftf lyof] . o;f] x]bf{ dfgf} ls a|fDx)f ev{/ u+uf :gfg u/]/ kmls{/x]sf] h:tf] nfUbYof] . p:sf] zl//df eid v/fgL kf]ltPsf] lyof], ditsdf lqk")*« -tLg/]vf_, xftdf ?b|fIfdfnf em"l)*/x]sf] lyof] / d"vdf eujfg z+s/sf] gfd . em§x]bf{ eujfg jfdg h:tf] :j?k lyof] . To; a|fDx)fnfO{ b]Vg] lalQs} sGof :tAw eO{g . p; a|fDx)f?kL AolQmnfO{ lrgLxflng . a|fDx)fn] klg pg} sGofnfO{ vf]lh/x]sf] lyof] . sGofnfO{ b]Vg] lalQSs} lrgfklr{ ePsf] em}+ u/L p;n] sGofsf] xft ;dfTof] . sGof hf]/ hf]/n] lrRofpg yflng . sGofsf] cfjfh ;"g]kl% /fhbDklt au}+rf tkm{ x*a* ul/ bf}+*b} cfP . To:t/L lrNnfpg" sf/)f s] xf] < egL /fhf;f]Wg" x"G% . sGofsf] cf¤vfdf cf¤z" lyof] . pgL l/z / v]be/L l:ytLn] ubf{ zl// sfld/x]sf] lyof] . sGof /fhftkm{ s*f b[li^ lbO{ eGbl%g x] kf)*ogfy . o; a|fDx)fn] ank'j{s d]/f] xft ;dfTof], ca klg lg*/ eO{ ?vd"lg pleO{/x]sf] % . /fhfk")olglwnfO{ cfkm\gf] k|lt!f ofb cfof] olb s;}n] O{R%f la?$ %f]Psf] v)*df b)* lbg]%" . ca /fhf ;f]Rg afWo x"g" k/\of] ls afrf cg";f/ a|fDx)f o"jsnfO{ b)* lbg} kg]{ eof] . /fhb/jf/ leqsf] au}+rfdf o"js s;/L cfO{k"Uof] eGg] ;Tokl§ Wofg uPg . /fhfn] a|fDx)fnfO{ xftdf xtsl* / v"§fdf a]+*L nufO{ au}+rfsf] jLrdf :yLt eujfg >L /fdsf] dlGb/df s}b ug{ cfkm\gf} ;}lgsx?nfO{ cf!f lbg"eof] . a|fDx)fnfO{ s}lb agfPsf] b]v]kl% sGof k|;Gg eO{ cfkm\gf] ;x]lnx?sf] ;fy cGtk"/df uO{g . /fhfklg a}&s tkm{ hfg" eof] .
/ft k/\of] . /fhf b}lgs lqmofsnfkdf s¤lx wd{ la?$ s"g} uNtL ePsf] t %}g eGg] ;f]r ljrf/ u/L cfkm\gf] ;ogsIfdf ;"Tg hfg"eof] . /fhfk")olglw emkSs lgbfpg" s] ePsf] lyof], cgf}&f] ;kgf b]Vg"eof] . ;kgfdf s}b u/]sf] a|fDx)fnfO{ b]Vg" eof] clg k"qL?lk sGofnfO{ klg b]Vg" eof] . Pp^f ;fwf/)f a|fDx)f ;+lem argcg";f/ s}b u/]sf] t sxf¤ a|fDx)f x"g", ;fIfft eujfg x"g" x"¤bf] /x]% . s:tf] :j?k, j)f{g ug{ g;lsg] . aif{f sflng d]#sf] ;dfg Zofda)f{, rf/{ snsdndf z+v, rqm, ubf kß, zl//df kLtfDa/, Pj+ jIf:yndf sf}:t"e dl)f tyf agdfnf wf/)f ug"{ ePsf], dGbdGb d"":s"/fp¤bf bf¤taf^ ls/)fx? lgSn]/ rf/} lbzfx? pHhn ul//x]sf], z]if z}ofdf lj/fhdfg x"g" ePsf] / cGtk"/df /x]ls sGof nIdLsf] ?kdf sdndfly al;/xg" ePsf], sfnf] #"¤#l/Psf] skfn, xftdf sdnsf] km'n, b]jb]jLx? :j)f{snzdf cd[t e/]/ cleif]s ul//x]sf, cd"No /Tg tyf dl)fx?sf] dfnf k}x\|g" ePsf], kfif{bu)fx? gf/bd"gL cflb pgsf] ;]jf ul//x]sf, To:tf] cbe't lj/n} b[Zon] /fhfk")olglwsf] ;kgf ljkgf;/x eof] . dxflai)f"sf] ?kdf a|fDx)f / dxfnIdLsf] ?kdf cfkm\gL k"qL sGofnfO{ b]v]/ /fhf :tlDet x"g"eof] . ;kgfaf^ Ao"lemg] lalQs} /fhf sGof a;]sf] &fp¤df hfg" eof] . k/Gt" crDd s:tf] crDd . sGofsf] ?kdf geO{ ;kgfdf h"g?k b]lvPsf] lyof] Tolx ?k ;fd"Gg] % . dxfnIdLnfO{ ;fi^fé k|)ffd ul/ Psbd xQkQ ul/ /fddlGb/ tkm{ hfg" eof] . a|fDx)fsf] &fp¤df dxflai)f" sf] :j?k b]Vg" eof] . ck/fw ePsf] :d/)f x"g] lalQs} /fhf d"R%f{ xf]nfg h:t} eO{uP . lqnf]ssf] gfynfO{ d}n} alGb agfP, h:sf] k'hf ug"{kg]{ p:nfO{ xtsl* nufO{lbP . d nfO{ xhf/f} k^s lwSsf/ . &'n&'nf of]uLx? cfkm\gf] x[bo l;+xf;gdf lj/fhdfg u/fO{ cfkm\gf] ;j{:j ;dlk{t ul/lbG%g, cfkm\gf] ;+em]/ s[tfy{ x"G%g . pxL k/dfTdf nfO{ s}b u/]+ . d h:tf] ck/fwL enf c?sf] x"g;S% < /fhfk")olglwsf] x[bo km"^nf h:tf] eof] . zl// un]/ lzlyn eof], hLjgsf] clenfiff z"Go ;/x eof] . oBlk, eujfg z/)ffut ePsf] x"¤bf eujfgsf] :d/)f dfqn] jf:tljtsf] !fg cfof] .
o:tf] lnnf, pgk|e"nfO{ s;n] afWg ;Sg] . ozf]bf d}ofsf] k|]dn] aGwgo"Qm x"g"x"GYof], t/ d}n] cfkm\gf] zlQm #d)* / /f]ifn] aGwgdf /fv] . k/Gt"M d h:tf] AolQmaf^ klg k|e" af¤lwg" eof] . x] k|e", of] ltd|f] s[kflgwLgtf geP c? s] xf] <
/fhfk")olglw k|]d d"Uw x[bon] ubub s)&n] cfz"el/Psf] cf¤vfn] lz/ em"sfO{ /f]dfl~rt zl//n] xfthf]*L :t"tL ug{ nfUg" eof] k|e" d xh"/sf] r/)f sdndf sf]l^ sf]l^ k|)ffd ub{%" . cGhfgdf u/]sf] ck/fw ePklg cflv/ ck/fw g} xf], x] sdngog, x] sdnfsfGt, xh"/n] /fdjtf/ lnO{ /fj)fsf] gfz ug"{eof] . g[l;+xjtf/ u|x)f u/]/ k|Nxfbsf] hLjg wd{ /Iff ug"{eof] . xh"/ ;Dk')f{ hutdf AofKt /x]/ klg eQmx?sf] nflu ;do ;dodf cg]s ?klnO{ k|s^ x"g"eof] . xh"/sf] d'lt{ s[kfdoL % . a]nfa]nfdf ;f+;f/Ls dg"iox?nfO{ lrGxfpg xh"/ cfkm" cfkm}+nfO{ k|s^ ug"{x"G% . x] bofd'lt{ d dfly s[kf ug"{xf]; . xh"/dfq g} Ps lg:tf/sf] ;fwg x"g"x"G% . d xh"/sf] r/)f sdndf af/Daf/ k|)ffd ub{%" .
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