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sfnfkfgLdf k|wfgdGqL kl% gx^g]
sfnfkfgLsf ;DaGwdf k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnfn] sfnfkfgL xfd|} xf] eGg] s"/f ef/tLo /fi^«klt ;dIf g} JoQm ug{"ePsf] lyof] eg] ef/tLo /fhb'tfjf;n] clvnsf] pu| sfo{qmdsf] k|To"Q/df sfnfkfgL ef/ts} xf] egL lj!KtL hf/Lubf{ sf]O/fnfn] ef/tLo /fhb'tnfO{ pQm lj!KtL ;"wfg{ nufpg" eof] .
sfnfkfgLsf ;DaGwdf k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{non] ljleGg a"¤bfx? k||sflzt u/L sfnfkfgL g]kfns} xf] eGg] s"/f k|i^\ofPsf] % .
1= ;g\ 1816 df tTsfnLg la|l^z ef/t;¤u ;DkGg ;"uf}nL ;GwL cg";f/ g]kfnsf] klZrd l;dfgf sfnL gbL sfod ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ 1850 df ;e]{ ckm Ol)*ofaf^ k|sflzt gS;fdf lnk"n]s e~Hofñaf^ cfpg] gbLnfO{ sfnLgbL dfgL ;f]xL gbLdf l;dfgf b]vfPsf] % . / ;fy} ;g\ 1856 df k|sflzt gS;fdf klg 1850 sf] gS;f cg";f/ g} l;dfgf b]vfPsf] % . pQm b"a} gS;fx? cg";f/ sfnfkfgL If]q g]kfnsf] e'efudf kb{% .
2= kl% ;g\ 1879 df ;e]{ ckm Ol)*ofaf^ k|sflzt gS;fdf sfnLgbL %f*L sfnfkfgL eGbf tnsf] kvfuf* vf]nfsf] blIf)fkl§sf] *f¤*f] -kfgL(nf]_ nfO{ l;dfgf b]vfPsf] % . o; gS;f cg";f/ sfnfkfgL If]q ef/tdf kg{ hfG% .
3= ;g\ 1963 / 1979 df g]kfn rLg ;Ldf ;Demf}tf x"¤bf klg ;g\ 1850 df ;e]{ ckm OL)*ofsf] gS;fdf b]vfPsf] lnk"n]s e~HofñnfO{ sfnfgbLsf] pb\ud:yn dfgL Ogh°;g sfod ul/Psf] % .
;g\ 1850 / 1856 sf] ;e]{ ckm Ol)*ofaf^ k|sflzt gS;fdf sfnfkfgL g]kfnsf] e'efusf] ?kdf sfod ePkl% To; kl% ;e]{ ckm Ol)*ofaf^ k|sflzt gS;fdf l;dfgf km]g]{ s"g} cfwf/sf] cf}lrTo /x¤b}g . t/ sfnfkfgL g]kfnsf] e'efu ePsf] x"¤bf Pj+ xfn;Dd gfkL ljefuaf^ k|sflzt g]kfnsf] ;a} gS;fx?df lnk"n]s e~Hofñaf^ cfpg] sfnL gbLnfO{ ;Ldfgf sfod ul/Psf] / sfnfkfgL g]kfnsf] e'efusf] ?kdf /x]sf] % .
4= xfn sfnfkfgLdf ef/tsf] ef/t
-ltAat ;Ldf k|x/L rf}sL /x]sf] / ef/tn] sfnfkfgL cfkm\gf] If]qsf] ?kdf bfjL ub}{ cfPsf] x"¤bf k|df)fx?sf] cfwf/df bfjL k|dfl)ft ug]{ qmddf g]kfn / ef/taLr låkIfLo jftf{ rln/x]sf] % .lul/hfaf^ uNtL :jLsf/
k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] cfkm\gf] k'j{ k|wfgdGqL calwdf >L 5 sf] ;/sf/sf k|zf;gnfO{ l%^f] %l/tf] / r":t agfpg] l;nl;nfdf >L 5 sf] ;/sf/sf lghfdtL tyf ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ xhf/f}+sf] ;+Vofdf xr"jfsf] lx;fjdf vf]:g] sfo{sf] ck/fwnfO{ uNtL ePsf] :jLsf/] . ;f] :jLsf/f]lQm >L 5 sf] ;/sf/sf ;lrjx?nfO{ lgb]{{zg lbg] qmddf JoQm ug"{ ePsf] lyof] .
vf];"jfdf kg"{ ePsf tTsflng d"Vo ;lrj bfdf]b/ uf}tdnfO{ cd]l/sfsf] nflu /fhb't lgo"lQmdf l;kmfl/; u/]/ Ifltk'lt{ u/] . af¤sL /fi^« ;]jsx?nfO{ s;/L Ifltk'lt{ lbg" x"g] / pgLx?af^ s;/L /fi^«n] ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljrf/ k"/\ofOg" kg]{ wf/)ff klg pxf¤n] JoQm ug"{ ePsf] % .
la/f]w kq
b Pl;Pg Ph gfds ef/taf^ k|sfzg x"g] c+u|]hL klqsfdf k|sflzt g]kfn ;DalGw b"O{ leGbf leGb} s"/fx?nfO{ lnP/ ;u/dfyf ^fO{D;åf/f laleGg la/f]w ;lxtsf] kqx? k&fOPsf] % .
To; klqsfdf k|sfzgx"g] df};ddf ef/lto pkdxflåk tyf blIf)f k'jL{ Plzofsf] dfg
-lrqdf c? zx/x? b]vfOP h:t} g]kfnsf] sf&df)*f}+ gn]lvg"df k"jf{u|x ePsf] / ;f] /fVg] jGbf]j:tsf] nflu kq n]lvPsf] % . To:t} ;f]xL klqsfdf k|sflzt la|l^; ^]n]sd -la=l^=_ sf] la!fkgdf g]kfn jfx]s ef/tLo pkdxflåksf c? /fi^«x?nfO{ em}+ g]kfnnfO{ klg a]nfotaf^ cGt/{fli^«o ^]lnkmf]g dx;"n ;f]xL b/ pknAw u/fOlbg x"g la= ^L= ;¤u klg kqfrf/ ul/Psf] % .;f+;b j]usf] xTof
/fli^«o k|hftGq kf^L{sf ;f+;b ldhf{ lbn;fb j]usf] c;f/ 15 ut] ;f¤em 9M30 jh]lt/ pxf¤ l;kmn l:yt cfkm\gf] lgjf;:yfg tkm{ kms{g] qmddf uf*Laf^ 20 ld^/ k/ k"u]sf] ca:yfdf c!fg aGb"swf/Lx? åf/f pxf¤ / pxf¤sf] *«fO{e/sf] klg uf]nLxfgL xTof ul/Psf] % .
;f+;b j]u 2048 sf] cfdlgjf{rgdf g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf^L{af^ lgjf{rg x"g"ePsf] lyof] . kl% 2051 sf] dWofjlwdf /fk|k|fdf k|j]zu/L r"gfjdf ljhoL x"g"ePsf] lyof] . pxf¤ z]/axfb"/ b]pjfsf] kfnfdf >d ;xfos dGqL x"g"x"GYof] eg] To;kl% lj!fg tyf k|lalw /fHodGqL x"g"ePsf] lyof] .
clw/fhs"df/L >"tLnfO{ k"qL nfe
>L 5 clw/fhs"df/L >"tL /fHonIdL b]jL /f)ffaf^ c;f/ 8 ut] ;f¤em k/f]ksf/ >L 5 OGb|/fHonIdL k|;"tL u[x yfkfynLdf k"qLsf] hGd eof] . >L 5 clw/fhs"df/L tyf gjhft lzz"sf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] /x]sf] s"/f k|;"tL u[xsf lrlsT;sx?n] hgfPsf %g .
t?)f bnn] u[xdGqL nv]^]
t?)f bnn] xKtf}+b]lv u[xdGqLnfO{ e]^\g] ;do dfUbf dGqLn] ;do %}g egL e]^g df}sf glbPkl% t?)f bnsf cWoIf afns[i)f vf¤)fn] l;+xb/jf/ u[xdGqfno uO{ dGqLnfO{ Psl%g e]^\g" k/\of], t?)fbnsf s]xL s"/fx? %g\ eg]kl% u[xdGqLn] ;do %}g h] % oxL++ aflx/} eGgf];\ eGg] &f*f] hjfkm lbPkl% cWoIf vf¤)f / dGqL hf]zLaLr t¤ t¤ / d d eof] / vfF)fn] dGqLsf] s&fnf] ;dfTg k"Ubf dGqL bf}*\b} uf*Ldf r(\g k"u]sf lyP .
t?)f bnsf] ;"qsf cg";f/ u[xdGqL hf]zLsf] Aoaxf/ k|tL la/f]w k|s^ ub}{ pxf¤nfO{ dGqLaf^ x^fpg k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf;¤u dfu ul/;s]sf %g\ .
Oh/fonL df]jfOn kmf]g
;+;bsf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf;ldltn] %fgljg u/L;s]kl% g]kfnsf ljleGg zx/x?df ljt/)f ug]{u/L g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] Oh/fonL sDkgLnfO{ 10 xhf/ df]jfOn kmf]gsf] nfOg h*fg ug]{ &]Ssf k|bfg u/LPsf] % . ;Demf}tf cg";f/ Oh/fonL sDkgLn] g]kfndf ;f] df]jfOn kmf]gsf] ;+rfngsf] nflu rflxg] pks/)fx? tyf ljleGg n&\&fx? lgdf{)fug]{ k|fawfg /flvPsf] % .
zfg]jflgdf gof¤Aoa:yfkg
/fli^«o Wjhf jfxs zfxL g]kfn jfo" ;]jf lgud sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfGbf]ng tyf dGqfnosf] ljr rln/x]sf] bf]xf]/Ldf kg"{ ePsf lgudsf cWoIf >L clht g/l;+x yfkfnfO{ >L 5 sf] ;/sf/n] kbd"St u/]sf] % . ljut s]lx xKtf b]lv Aoa:yfkg, sd{rf/L ;d:of tyf hfxfhsf] ef*fn] zfg]jfgLdf rln/x]sf] cfGbf]ng kZrft\ >L 5 sf] ;/sf/n] zfg]jfgLsf] Aoa:yfkgdf gof¤ x]/km]/ u/]sf] % . pSt x]/km]/ cg";f/ >L la= la= sfsL{ nfO{ Aoa:yfkgdf Nofpg"sf] ;fy} ;+rfnsaf]*{df klg x]/km]/ ul/Psf] % .
cfon lgud #f^fdf
g]kfnsf lgudx?df cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ x/]s aif{ nfe+fz tyf tnj u/L 18 dlxgfeGbf a(L ljt/)f ub}{ cfPsf] cfon lgudn] o; k^s s/f]*f}+sf] gf]S;fg ;xg" k/]sf] ;dfrf/ k|fKt ePsf] % . ;f] lgudn] xjfO{ hxfhdf xfNg] t]n P= l^= Pkm= -PleP;g ^ld{og km\o'n_ sf] d'Nodf cgfjZos a[l$ u/]sf] sf/)f Ps ca{eGbf a(L gf]S;fgLdf k/]sf] /x:o v"n]sf] % . g]kfndf P= l^= Pkm= sf] d'No xfn k|ltln^/ 32 ;]G^ rfgr"g kb{% . of] /sd cGo d"n"ssf] t"ngfdf 17 ;]G^ rfgr"gn] km/s kg]{ sf/)fn] ubf{ g]kfn cfPsf avt klg ljb]zL hxfhx?n] t]n xfNg g?rfPsf] sf/)f lgud #f^fdf uPsf] bfjL lqe"jg ljdfg:yn l:yt cfon lgud ;'qn] u/]sf] % . o; k|sf/n] g]kfndf cfoft ul/Psf c/jf}+ d'Nokg]{ t]nx? To;} laqmL x"g g;sL v]/ uO/x]sf] ;dfrf/ k|fKt ePsf] % .
k|fKt ;dfrf/ cg";f/ tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb| axfb"/sf] kfnfdf ;/sf/n] u/]sf] k]^«f]n, d§Lt]n / l*h]nsf] a[l$nfO{ Jofks hgbjfjsf sf/)f s]xL /sd #^fO{ s[lqd tj/df hxfhdf xfNg] t]nsf] d'No a(fO lgudsf] jf;nft df kmfObf b]vfOPsf] lyof] . t/ xfn To;}sf] sf/)fn] lgudn] ;f] #f^f a]xf]g"{ k/]sf] xf] .
k[YjL lxdfnog af^ sf&df)*f}+ lt/
cfhsf] g]kfndf sd{rf/L dWo] ;aeGbf a(L tnj vfg] lxdfnog a}+ssf Dofg]lhñ *fO/]S^/ >L k[YjL axfb"/ kf)*]n] lxdfnog a}+s %f*]/ a}+s ckm sf&df)*f}+ lt/ nfUg] ;"/;f/df x"g"x"G% . xfd|f] ;Dafbbftfsf cg";f/ >L kf)*]n] lxdfnog a}+saf^ k|ltdlxgf em)*} ;f(] b"O{nfv g]kfnL ?k}+of tnj / eQf k|fKt ug"{x"G% . g]kfndf lxdfnog a}+snfO{ cfhsf] ;kmntd ca:yfdf k"/\ofOg"df >L kf)*]sf] xft /x]sf] ljZjf; ul/G% . t/ clxn] cfP/ ;f] lxdfnog a}+ssf xtf{stf{ k[YjLaxfb"/ kf)*] *]( ca{ ?lkof¤sf] d'nwg *"Ag] ca:yfdf k"u]sf]] a}+s ckm sf&df)*f}+sf] z]o/ sf}*Lsf] bfddf lsg]/ cfkm' a}+s ckm sf&df)*f}+df l%g{ zlQm s]Gb|x?df bf}l*/x]sf %g eGg] ;dfrf/ k|fKt ePsf] % .
ljw]os nfndf]x/ kvf{Odf
;+;b\ ;lrjfnodf ylGsP/ a;]sf sltko ljw]osx? dWo] g]kfn lghfdtL P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os klg /x]sf] % . cGo ljw]osx? eGbf w]/} rrf{df /x]sf] ;f] ljw]osn] xfn;Dd b/jf/ b]v]sf] %}g . ;f] ljw]os nfndf]x/ nufpg b/jf/ k&fp¤bf nfndf]x/ gnfuL lkmtf{ eof] eGg] rrf{ klg lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?df rn]sf] % . t/, jf:tljstf To:tf] xf]Og . ljw]osnfO{ ;+;b ;lrjfnoaf^ b/jf/ df g} gk&fOPsf] atfOPsf] % . ;+;b ;lrjfno ;'qn] lbPsf] ;dfrf/ cg";f/ lz#| g} ;f] ljw]osnfO{ b/jf/df k&fOg] % . ;f] ljw]osdf nfndf]x/ nfu]kl% lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jf calw nufot cGo s"/fx?df ;+zf]wg x"g]% .
lrxfg Ps ;d:of
kz"klt If]q d[u:ynL h+undf /x]sf] ls¤/ftx?sf] ;dflw:yn eTsfp¤bf pTkGg ePsf] ljjfb ;dfwfgtkm{ df]l*Psf] % .
ut h]& 21 ut], ls/f¤t ;dflw:yn ;+/If)f ;+of]hg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L / kz"klt If]q ljsf; sf]ifsf ;b:o ;lrj r]tgfy uf}td aLr ;DkGg df}lvs ;xdlt cg"?k ca sf]ifn] ls/f¤tx?sf] ;dflw:yn eTsfpg] %}g . eTsfpg] sfo{af^ ls/f¤tx?df k"u]sf] rf]^k|lt sf]ifsf tkm{af^ ;fj{hlgs ;'rgf u/L Ifdf ofrgf ul/g] % . eTsfOPsf lrxfgsf] Ifltk'lt{ lbg] / ls/f¤tx?sf] ;dflw:yn Jojl:yt ug]{ s"/fdf ;ldlt / sf]ifsf aLrdf jftf{ x"g]% .
sf]ifn] ls/f¤tx?sf] lrxfg eTsfpg yfn]kl% ls/f¤t /fO{ ofof]Svf, ls/f¤t ofSy"ñ r"Dn"ñ, ls/f¤t ofvf w"Ddf / ;"g"jf/ ;]jf ;dfhn] ls/f¤t ;dflw:yn ;+/If)f ;dfof]hg ;ldlt u&g u/L k|wfgdGqL ;dIf !fkg kq klg a"emfPsf] lyof] . ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] dfux? k'/f ePsf] klg hgfOPsf] % .
/fk|kfdf rGb / nfjtL c^]]gg
Psn g]t[TjnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ ev{/};DkGg ePsf] /fk|kf rGbsf] k|yd /fli^«o ;Dd]ngn] kf^L{sf] cWoIfdf /fh]Zj/ b]jsf]^f lgjf{lrt x"g"ePkl% kf^L{sf g]tf rGb / ;x cWoIf nfjtLsf] kb vf/]h u/]sf] % .
75 lhNnfsf kGw|;o k|ltlglw ;xefuL /x]sf] ;f] ;Dd]ngn] kf^L{sf] gfd kl/jt{g ug]{ Dof)*]^ klg glbPsf] a"lemPsf] % .
kf^L{sf] csf]{ dxflwj]zg cfufld kmfu"gsf] bf]>f] xKtfdf ug]{ lg)f{o klg u/]sf] % .
c/fhs u"^ bfpb ODa|fxdsf] sAhfdf
c/fhs u"^ zLif{:y g]tfx?sf] cGt/fli^«o dflkmofx? ;¤u x]nd]n /x]sf] /x:o lj:tf/} v"Ng yfn]sf] % . c/fhs u"^sf ;Ddflgt g]tfx?n] slyt /fli^«otfsf] gfddf cGt/f{li^«o dflkmofx?;¤u ;Dks{ sfod ug{ yfn]sf] ;dfrf/ ;'qsf] egfO{ % . o; sfo{sf] nflu g]kfnL dflkmofx?n] c/fhs u"^;¤u ;DaGw sfod u/fpg ;kmn ePsf %g .
;dfrf/ ;'qn] pNn]v u/] cg";f/s"Voft t:s/ bfpb ODa|fxdsf ;xf]b/ efO g"/f ODa|fxd uf]Ko?kdf s]xL lbg cufl* g]kfn cfPsf lyP . uf]Ko g]kfn e|d)fsf] cj;/ lghn] dflkmofx?;¤u e]^#f^ u/L hfgsf/L lnPsf x"g . dflkmofs} Ps lgs^ ;'qsf cg";f/ lghn] g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts l:ylt cj}w Jofkf/sf] sfd sf/jfxL, k|x/L, k|zf;g ;DaGwL ;d]t rf;f] lnP/ s"/f u/]sf lyP . %b\de]ifL ?kdf cfPsf g"/ ODa|fxd z]kf{ xf]^]n, ofs P)* olt xf]^n, j}zfnL / ;f]N^L xf]^]ndf gfd km]l/ km]l/ a;]sf] ;dfrf/ ;'qn] pNn]v u/]sf] % .
Ps xKtfnfdf] a;fOdf g"/fn] dflkmofsf JolQmx?;¤u e]^ u/]sf lyP . To:t} k'j{ cfO=hL=kL= df]tLnfn af]xf]/f;¤u klg e]^#f^ ePsf] a"lemPsf] % . t/ c/fhs u"^sf g]tf elgg] jfdb]j uf}tdnfO{ e]^\g] k|of; u/]tfklg sf/)fjz e]^ x"g g;s]sf] ;dfrf/ ;'qn] pNn]v u/]sf] % .
lk+*fnL /x]gg
jl/i& xf:o snfsf/, Aoésf/ tyf ;flxTosf/ Pj+ kqsf/ s]zj/fh lk+*fnLsf] ut h]& 26 ut] ;¤Fem c;fdlos lgwg eof] . jxf¤sf] kfly{j z/L/nfO{ kz"klt cfo{#f^df ;;Ddfg xhf/f}+ ;flxTo k|]dLx?sf] pkl:yltdf bfxf ;+:sf/ ul/of] .
ca cfpg] ah]^ 70 cj{sf]
g]kfnL sf¤u|];sf] cNkdt ;/sf/n] oxL cfiff( 26 ut] 2055
-56 sf] 70 cj{sf] cfly{s jh]^ ;+;bdf k|:t"t ug]{ sfoqmd /x]sf] s"/f] yfxf ePsf] % .ut 17 ut] ;+;bdf k|:t"t zfxL ;Daf]wg dflysf] %nkmn 21 ut]b]lv k|f/De e} 25 ut];Dddf ;sfpg] Joj:yf ldnfO{b}% . To;/L zfxL ;Daf]wg dfly
jx; ;lsPkl% ;f]xL lbg k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] ;f+;bx?åf/f p&fOPsf ljleGg k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm lbg] x"g] yfxf ePsf] % .P;Pn;L=af]*{df 17 pQL)f{
o;kfln P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffsf] kl/)ffd cg";f/ 47=60 k|ltzt ljBfyL{x? pQL)f{ ePsf %g\ . lgoldt k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt ePsf 1 nfv 13 xhf/ 640 k/LIffyL{x?dWo] 53 xhf/ cf&;o rjfnL; hgf ljBfyL{x? pQL)f{ ePsf %g\ .tLdWo] k|yd >])fLdf 13,429 hgf låtLo >])fLdf 29,456 hgf / t[tLo >])fLdf 10,969 hgf %g\ .
2500 k|x/L yk
dfcf]jfbL cft+s lgoGq)f ug]{ lgx¤"df 1 dlxgfleq k|x/Ln] 100 hgf hlt gful/ssf] xTof ul/;s]sf] % eg] klxnf dfcf]jfbLn] n"^]sf] y"k|} xftxltof/ n"^]sf] % . dfcf]jfbL g]tfsf kl/jf/ / gft]bf/x? sxfF lgs} s*f lgu/fgL z"? ePsf] % . dfcf]jfbL lgoGq)f ug{ g]kfn k|x/Ln] yk k¤Frxhf/ gofF k|x/L egf{ ug{ u[xdGqfnodf b/aGbL dfu ul/Psf]df o; jif{ 2500 go¤F k|x/L b/aGbL yk ePsf %g\ .
