| FIX PROBLEM | ENGLISH SOUND | - | COMMON ERROR | - | PRACTICE MATERIALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /ð/ | "they" | /d/ | "day" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 42 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 22 |
| Move tongue to a lower front position. | /æ/ | "man" | /e/ | "men" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 18-19 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 4 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 12 "How Now Brown Cow" |
| Keep tongue front & low and jaws apart. | /æ/ | "ran" | /ʌ/ | "run" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 21 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 5 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 4 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 9 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit |
| Keep tongue front & low and jaws apart. | /æ/ | "cat" | /ɑ:/ | "cart" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 6 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 3 |
| Keep mouth round and sound short. | /ɒ/ | "not" | /ɔ:/ | "nought" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 9 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 12 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 15 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 39 |
| Keep mouth round and tongue back. | /ɒ/ | "God" | /ʊ/ | "good" | "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 3 |
| Back of tongue high. Lips tightly rounded. Long. | /u:/ | "fool" | /ʊ/ | "full" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 30 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 11 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 8 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 13 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit |
| Tongue low central. Lips relaxed. | /ʌ/ | "cup" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 25 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 26 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 5 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 6 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 3 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 4 |
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| Tongue more central. Lips relaxed. | /ʌ/ | "cup" | /æ/ | "cap" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 5 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 4 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 37 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 2 |
| Voiced. Vibration. Trap air with lips. | /b/ | "bill" | /p/ | "pill" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 50-51 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 25 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 11 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 7 |
| Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. | /v/ | "van" | /f/ | "fan" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 37 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 12 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 9 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 11 |
| Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. | /v/ | "vet" | /w/ | "wet" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 81 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 38 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 4 |
| Spread lips more and keep tongue high. | /i:/ | "seat" | /ɪ/ | "sit" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 14-16 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 1 Minimal Pairs /ɪ/ or / i: / practice "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 9 "Headway Pronunciation INT" |
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /θ/ | "thin" | /s/ | "sin" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 41 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 5 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 21 |
| Quickly push air from throat out of mouth. | /h/ | "hot" | "ch" in "loch" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 78 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 40 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 1 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 23 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" |
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| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /ð/ | "clothe" | /z/ | "close" /z/ | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 42 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 22 |
| Tip of tongue behind top teeth. | /d/ | "made" | /t/ | "mate" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 53 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 27 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 3 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 4 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 9 |
| Voiced: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction. | /z/ | "rise" | /s/ | "rice" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 65 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 66 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 31 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 12 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 3 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 15 |
| Voiceless. Friction. Front of tongue to palate. | /ʃ/ | "push" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 68 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 16 |
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| Unvoiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʧ/ | "cherry" | "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 18 |
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| Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʤ/ | "wage" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 57 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 35 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 19 |
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| Voiced stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /ŋ/ + /g/ | "thing" | /ŋ/ + /k/ | "think" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 55 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 29 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 4 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 6 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 7 |
| Tongue touches alveolar ridge. Nasal. | /n/ | "spoon" | /ɫ/ | "spool" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 71 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 44 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 18 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 6 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 3 |
| Contact. Brief "schwa" after release. | /ɫ/ | "tall" (dark l) | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 47 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 7 |
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| Tongue touches hard palate. | /l/ | "light" (clear) | /r/ | "right" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 48 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 17 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 26 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 10 |
| Sides of tongue to back teeth. Tip points up. | /r/ | "right" | /l/ | "light" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 73 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 48 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 17 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 2 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 27 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 10 |
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /θ/ | "thin" | /t/ | "tin" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 41 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 5 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 21 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 66 |
EXTERNAL LINKS: Non-native pronunciations of English: Cantonese (Chinese) L1
What makes English consonant clusters difficult for Cantonese speaking ESL Learners?
Chinglish