| FIX PROBLEM | ENGLISH SOUND | - | COMMON ERROR | - | PRACTICE MATERIALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mouth not so large. Lips relaxed. | /ʌ/ | "cut" | /ɑ:/ | "cart" | "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 11 |
| Move tongue to a lower front position. | /æ/ | "man" | /e/ | "men" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 18-19 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 4 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 12 "How Now Brown Cow" |
| Tongue low & back. Jaws together. Long. | /ɔ:/ | "nought" | /ɒ/ | "not" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 28 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 9 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 15 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 41 |
| Increase mouth opening. Drop front of tongue. | /ɔ:/ | "call" | /u:/ | "cool" | "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 5 |
| Move tongue back and make mouth rounder. | /ɔ:/ | "saw" | /ɜ:/ | "Sir" | "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 4 |
| Tongue low, back & fixed. Jaws together. | /ɔ:/ | "bought" | /əʊ/ | "boat" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 20 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 12 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 15 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 |
| Back of tongue high. Lips rounded but relaxed. Short. | /ʊ/ | "full" | /u:/ | "fool" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 29 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 10 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 11 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 3 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 8 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 13 |
| Relax the mouth and keep sound short. | /ɪ/ | "sit" | /i:/ | "seat" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 15-16 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 2 Minimal Pairs /ɪ/ or / i: / practice "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 9 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 6 |
| Tongue more central. Lips relaxed. | /ʌ/ | "cup" | /æ/ | "cap" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 5 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 4 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 37 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 2 |
| Quickly push air from throat out of mouth. | /h/ | "hot" | "ch" in "loch" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 78 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 40 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 1 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 23 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" |
|
| Tongue high and front. Move to centre. | /ɪə/ | "beer" | /i:/ | "be" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 46 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 22 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 23 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 10 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 5 |
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between lips. | /θ/ | "thin" | /t/ | "tin" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 41 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 5 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 21 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 66 |
| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between lips. | /ð/ | "they" | /d/ | "day" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 42 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 22 |
| Back of tongue to back roof. Nasal. | /ŋ/ + /k/ | "think" | /ŋ/ + /g/ | "thin" + k or g | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 72 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 45 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 18 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 6 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 12 |
| British "r" is weaker & usually silent unless followed by a vowel. | silent | "survivor" | /r/ | "Sir Ivor" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 49 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 3 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 27 |
| Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround & glide. | /w/ | "west" | /v/ | "vest" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 38 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 17 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 4 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 11 |
| Tongue low central. Lips relaxed. | /ʌ/ | "cup" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 25 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 26 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 5 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 6 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 3 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 4 |