| FIX PROBLEM | ENGLISH SOUND | - | COMMON ERROR | - | PRACTICE MATERIALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tip of tongue behind top teeth. | /d/ | "made" | /t/ | "mate" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 53 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 27 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 3 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 4 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 9 |
| Tongue low & back. Jaws together. Long. | /ɔ:/ | "nought" | /ɒ/ | "not" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 28 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 9 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 15 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 41 |
| Fix tongue in central position. Long. | /ɜ:/ | "bird" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 31 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 12 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 45 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 4 |
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| Weak endings: e.g. "London" "England" | /ə/ | "the" (schwa) | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 32-33 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 13 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 31 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 1 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 12 |
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| Tongue moves from front centre to front high. | /eɪ/ | "late" | /e/ | "let" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 34 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 38 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 15 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 8 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 9 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 1 |
| From low front vowel to lips tightly rounded. | /aʊ/ | "cow" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 41 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 19 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 8 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 12 |
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| Tongue central. Then tightly round lips. | /əʊ/ | "bone" | /ɔ:/ | "born" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 42 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 44 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 15 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 47 |
| Voiced. Vibration. Trap air with lips. | /b/ | "bill" | /p/ | "pill" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 50-51 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 25 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 11 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 7 |
| Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. | /v/ | "of" | /f/ | "off" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 37 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 12 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 9 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 11 |
| Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. | /v/ | "vet" | /w/ | "wet" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 81 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 38 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 4 |
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between lips. | /θ/ | "thin" | /d/ | "din" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 41 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 5 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 21 |
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /θ/ | "thin" | /s/ | "sin" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 41 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 5 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 21 |
| Move tongue to a lower front position. | /æ/ | "man" | /e/ | "men" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 18-19 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 4 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 12 "How Now Brown Cow" |
| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between lips. | /ð/ | "clothe" | /z/ | "close" /z/ | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 42 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 22 |
| Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround & glide. | /w/ | "west" | /v/ | "vest" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 38 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 17 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 4 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 11 |
| Voiced: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction. | /z/ | "rise" | /s/ | "rice" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 65 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 66 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 31 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 12 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 3 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 15 |
| Voiceless. Friction. Front of tongue to palate. | /ʃ/ | "sherry" | /ʧ/ | "cherry" | "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 13 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 34 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 9 |
| Voiced: Front of tongue to palate. Friction. | /ʒ/ | "confusion" | /ʃ/ | "Confucian" | "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 9 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 69 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 33 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 17 |
| Unvoiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʧ/ | "cherry" | /ʃ/ | "sherry" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 56 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 34 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 13 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 8 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 9 |
| Unvoiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʧ/ | "chin" | /ʤ/ | "gin" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 35 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 11 |
| Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʤ/ | "Jerry" | /ʃ/ | "sherry" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 35 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 11 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 10 |
| Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. | /ʤ/ | "job" | /j/ | "yob" | "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 14 "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 57 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 35 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 19 |
| Voiced stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /ŋ/ + /g/ | "thing" | /ŋ/ + /k/ | "think" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 55 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 29 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 4 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 6 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 7 |
| Back of tongue to back roof. Nasal. | /ŋ/ + /k/ | "think" | /ŋ/ + /g/ | "thin" + k or g | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 72 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 45 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 18 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 6 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 12 |
| British "r" is weaker & usually silent unless followed by a vowel. |
silent | "survivor" | /r/ | "Sir Ivor" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 49 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 3 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 27 |
| Glide /j/(i:) the tongue quickly to next sound | /j/ | "yam" | /ʤ/ | "jam" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 79 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 39 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 14 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 14 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 10 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 1 |
| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between lips. | /ð/ | "they" | /d/ | "day" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 42 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 22 |
EXTERNAL LINKS: Non-native pronunciations of English: German L1
Non-native pronunciations of English: Swiss German L1
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