| FIX PROBLEM | ENGLISH SOUND | - | COMMON ERROR | - | PRACTICE MATERIALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tip of tongue behind top teeth. | /t/ | "tie" | /d/ | "die" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 52 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 26 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 27 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 5 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 3 |
| Move tongue to a lower front position. | /æ/ | "man" | /e/ | "men" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 18-19 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 4 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 12 "How Now Brown Cow" |
| Keep mouth round and tongue back. | /ɒ/ | "not" | /əʊ/ | "note" | "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 12 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 |
| Tongue low, back & fixed. Jaws together. | /ɔ:/ | "bought" | /əʊ/ | "boat" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 20 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 12 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 15 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 6 |
| Fix tongue in central position. Long. | /ɜ:/ | "bird" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 31 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 12 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 8 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 45 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 4 |
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| Unvoiced. Use more air. Trap it with lips. | /p/ | "pit" | /b/ | "bit" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. p50 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 25 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 10 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 1 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 7 |
| Unvoiced. Trap air with both lips. | /p/ | "pill" | /f/ | "fill" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 24 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 36 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 1 |
| Voiced. Vibration. Trap air with lips. | /b/ | "bill" | /p/ | "pill" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 50-51 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 25 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 11 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 7 |
| Spread lips more and keep tongue high. | /i:/ | "seat" | /ɪ/ | "sit" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 14-16 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 1 Minimal Pairs /ɪ/ or / i: / practice "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 9 "Headway Pronunciation INT" |
| Voiced. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /ð/ | "they" | /d/ | "day" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 42 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 22 |
| Quickly push air from throat out of mouth. | /h/ | "hot" | "ch" in "loch" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 78 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 40 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 1 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 23 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" |
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| Tip of tongue behind top teeth. | /d/ | "made" | /t/ | "mate" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 53 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 27 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 3 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 4 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 9 |
| Tongue touches alveolar ridge. Nasal. | /n/ | "sun" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 71 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 44 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 18 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 6 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 3 |
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| Voiced stop: back of tongue to back roof. | /ŋ/ + /g/ | "thing" | /ŋ/ + /k/ | "think" | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 55 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 29 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 10 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 4 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 6 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 7 |
| Back of tongue to back roof. Nasal. | /ŋ/ + /k/ | "think" | /ŋ/ + /g/ | "thin" + k or g | "English Pronunc. Illustrated" pp. 72 "Ship or Sheep" Unit 45 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 18 "Headway Pronunciation EL" Unit 11 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 6 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 12 |
| Tongue touches hard palate. | /l/ | "light" (clear) | /r/ | "right" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 48 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 17 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 26 "Listening Comp: Pronunciation" Unit 10 |
| Contact. Brief "schwa" after release. | /ɫ/ | "tall" (dark l) | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 47 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 5 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 7 |
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| Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround & glide. | /w/ | "west" | /v/ | "vest" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 38 "Pronunciation Tasks" Unit 17 "Headway Pronunciation INT" Unit 2 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 4 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 11 |
| Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. | /θ/ | "thin" | /s/ | "sin" | "Ship or Sheep" Unit 41 "Headway Pronunciation PRE-INT" Unit 7 "Headway Pronunciation UPP-INT" Unit 5 "How Now Brown Cow" Unit 21 |
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