FOR THE VISITOR TO THE
U.S.A. INTERESTED IN
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

    Because of the naturally sheer mass of American Revolution sites in the U.S.A. it is not intended or possible to list them all. For the time being we will try to list Main sites, those of particular historic importance or associated with the 35th regiment of Foot.
    Once Again we cannot stress too much, AMERICA IS HUGE and some of the sites listed are hundreds if not some thousand miles apart.
If planning a historic tour of the U.S.A. get a good map beforehand and decide just what you want to, and can, practically, see.

BOSTON
    Mention the American Revolution/American War of Independence to any History buff (and Most Americans) and somewhere in the conversation BOSTON is bound to be mentioned. For Myself I do not apologize at all, for saying without hesitation BOSTON is, for many reasons, (friendliness being probably the biggest!!) my all time favourite U.S. city. As a result I'm only too happy to put it at the very top of this list.
    With such a wealth of history both within the City's environs and in the surrounding country it is difficult to know just where to start, however there is one tourist feature the City and its fathers should rightly be proud of (And one a good many cities ought to emulate) and that is the FREEDOM TRAIL so I will start with this.

The Freedom Trail  is a red brick line (two/three width) set into the pavement/roadway that winds its way through the city. By following its wandering route the visitor can follow not only the course of the early stages of the American Revolution but also the story of Boston from its earliest beginnings. From the start on Boston Common (America's oldest public park) one can visit amongst others---The State House, though not of American revolution fame--- The Shaw Memorial (Memorial to Shaw and the 54th Regiment OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR as featured in the closing credits of the film GLORY).

       THE STATE HOUSE                 THE SHAW MEMORIAL
                                            
    Further along the trail is the Granary Burying Ground (Final resting place of Giants of American history such as Samuel Adams, Peter Faneuil, Paul Revere and John Hancock.), Kings Chapel and its burying ground (resting place of William Dawes junior --fellow rider with Paul Revere, plus a number of the Mayflowers passengers).
    Other sites include the Old South meeting house (forever associated with the "Boston Massacre" and as well as the meetings leading to the Boston Tea Party),The old State House, Faneuil Hall, known for good reason as the "Cradle of Liberty",and then Paul Revere's House and the Old North Church (associated with Paul Reveres attempts to warn the rebels of the British march on Lexington and Concord).
    COPP'S Hill (from which British cannon fired on Charlestown during "Bunker Hill")is easily ascended and crossing the CHARLES RIVER the trail comes to a fitting end at the "Bunker Hill" Monument. In the vicinity of this Monument are two additional places worth visiting, first, just down the hill towards the harbour is, The Bunker Hill pavilion with its entertaining version of the battle. Just a short walk, about two hundred yards is an honoured relic of the war of 1812 THE U.S.S. CONSTITUTION  which is the oldest Floating commissioned warship in the world
(H.M.S. Victory in Portsmouth England is some 60 years older BUT NOT AFLOAT).The area also has an associated museum with numerous hands on, child grabbing exhibits


Statue of  William Prescott at the Bunker Hill Memorial.

Below another famous adversary of the British this time the War of 1812
U.S.S. Constitution (Old Ironsides)

TIPS.
If you intend to use Boston as Stop/Start of your trip and intend to hire a car for your holiday, the best tip I can make is, don't get your  car until the day you intend to leave Boston for the surrounding countryside. With the best will in the world driving within Boston is akin to maniacal ( I met one U.K. couple, from London who returned their car because they could not cope with it)-besides who wants to drive expensive hire cars when public transport is both excellent and cheap?.
On the freedom trail. If a visitor intends to walk the trail, bearing in mind its a couple--three miles long, depending upon detours. The best piece of advice therefore must be to wear a comfortable pair of walking shoes. There are FREE 90 minute guided walking tours available (10.00-15.00hrs) April until September. These start at The National Park Service Centre in State Street (A really friendly lot) or by phone on (617) 242-5642. This is a good introduction to the trail allowing the keen, to retrace their steps, if interest prevails, later. I walked the trail several times (and still probably missed a few things).Other walking tours are available i.e. Boston By Foot . On the hunger stakes, the length of the trail is dotted with coffee houses (few, if any tea shops!!!--I wonder why?) and really good eating establishments. If the wallet has to be watched and/or you just want quick, good wholesome food with no frills, then time your mid day stop for Quincy Market area (behind Faneuil Hall). Try the local speciality Clam chowder in a bun, I almost lived off the stuff plus a good few lobsters while travelling the trail.
    If walking is not your scene, then, the route is amply served by numerous transport systems the underground is safe with terminals within easy walking distance of both ends of the trail. There are also stations at several locations along the trails route.
    Sightseeing Again the city is amply served by numerous companies serving the tourist market, alas I did not use any (I was too busy walking) however one did stand out and that is the amphibious tours using Dukw's "a la" World War 11 (though not of that vintage). These vehicles trundle about all the important sites while having the addition of a short river journey and probably unique view of this lovely though bustling City. Also of note are Trolley Tours, Historic Tours and Discover Boston.
MUST SEE There is one attraction connected with the American Revolution which I cannot praise highly enough. It is housed, at first thought, oddly, within one of Boston's ultra modern and tallest of buildings THE JOHN HANCOCK OBSERVATORY. The Road to Independence.  This unique display is an exciting light and sound show featuring music, narration and a miniature colonial Boston, that traces the history of events that led up to the revolution of 1775.
    The show follows the development of Boston itself, the mini campaign of Lexington and Concord and the battle of "Bunker Hill". This is all done with a flourish of the American gift of presentation and links those past times with the present in such a way that dismisses the idea that such a display should be elsewhere. (I've seen only one similar display to this--Stirling Bridge Scotland. Other sites, Hastings, Waterloo, Quebec, to name but three could do well to see this exhibit to see just what could be done.) The bonus is that the view from the top floor (where the exhibit is housed), is to say the least, stunning, whilst again it links the miniature Boston you may have just seen, with what you see before your eyes.

LEXINGTON & CONCORD
Within easy reach of Boston are two of the equally important sites of  The American Revolution Lexington and Concord together with "The minute man national Park"  they form part of what is known as "The Battle Road". It was during this mini campaign fought during April 19th 1775 that the first shots of the war were fired ("The Shot heard around the World").
Independent travel is possibly best for those who have a keen interest in the period as this allows maximum time at the two main centres (plus allowing a detailed look at particular sites along the road itself) but this might necessitate an overnight stay.The other alternative is hoping onto one of the numerous coach trips to these famous spots, the down side however being the limited duration of the stay AND the distinct possibility, given Boston's large Irish community of being subjected to a Political/21st Century slanted view of events 200 plus years ago.
These drawbacks aside the short trip is well worth the effort (especially during the fall---(Autumn to us in the U.K.) Although neither site has the high tech of The Hancock Observatory (alas money rules all in the U.S.) both manage to convey the events of that fateful day. (A handy copy of Osprey's- Boston 1775, Concord Chamber of Commerce Battle Road or Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution by William J.Clipson, will help, no end!!.)

Lexington green minuteman statue

The Minute man stone below marks the line where American defenders first drew up to oppose the British

The story of the Concord fight is told on a number of plates
such as that below

Concord's North Bridge (the fifth replacement since 1775)
Also note that on the fateful day there was little undergrowth let alone trees

"Somewhere in the Corner of a foreign field"
The graves of  British Soldiers killed during the fight for the Bridge

The Inscription reads
THEY CAME THREE THOUSAND MILES AND DIED,
TO KEEP THE PAST UPON ITS THRONE,
UNHEARD BEYOND THE OCEAN TIDE,
THEIR ENGLISH MOTHER MADE HER MOAN
APRIL 19. 1775

Other Attractions
As stated Boston has a wealth of  interest from Whale watching (April- Oct)Trips run by the Aquarium other companies include A.C. cruise line, Boston Harbor Whale Watch, (For U.K. critics that's the way they spell harbour across the Pond) Massachusetts Bay Lines, to The Boston Marathon.The surrounding country is also similarly blessed of historic Interest, of note are  Salem (Worth a day on its own) from Boston either by boat or regular coach with its history of the tragic 1692 Witch trials and Plimoth Rock/Plantation with its unique LIVING HISTORY VILLAGE.
    Situated in the heart of New England, Boston has another great attraction, Autumn as yet I haven't seen a photo anywhere that does the colour or splendour justice. Touring at this time of the year is sheer heaven, THE BIG PROBLEM is POPULARITY so book early to avoid disappointment and remember  popularity also effects prices.
GETTING THERE
For sheer convenience Boston's LOGAN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT is an excellent choice for both entry and exit. There are regular flights (aprox 5 hours) from the U.K.
The following airlines all have their own advantages ---
FROM LONDON HEATHROW

"Everyone's favourite airline" including mine, British Airways,

American Airlines, United Airlines.

FROM LONDON GATWICK

Virgin Atlantic, Northwest Airlines and Continental Airlines

Where to stay/general info
One of the best sites to visit  is BOSTON 123 -Boston Hotels and Tourism guide to Boston or VISIT BOSTON. Though given Americans reputation for hospitality I cannot think of a better introduction to America, let alone Boston, than staying in one of the many superb bed and breakfast establishments, these can be contacted on a number of sites amongst which are---HOST HOMES OF BOSTON, GREATER BOSTON HOSPITALITY , Bed & Breakfast Inns ONLINE.

I plumped for Host homes and was more than happy, I stayed with a
Mr and Mrs Artin, in Newton Highland. Mrs Artin's breakfast table was a sight to be seen and I for one take the much belated opportunity in thanking them both for their fantastic introduction to America in 1998.

To Them A BIG THANKYOU

Interstate travel
Coach travel seems to be the main mass interstate transport means, and it is well catered for if travelling from Boston. The coach station is far better in ALL aspects than many airports. The two main companies running from the terminus are Greyhound and Robin Hood (there are probably others) the last, I found particularly helpful/agreeable.
 

LASTLY IF YOU FIND SOMETHING YOU WILL THINK MAY HELP OTHERS IN DISCOVERING BOSTON AND ITS SURROUNDS LET US KNOW----THIS PAGE IS DESIGNED TO BE OF HELP.

RAYNHAM HALL MUSEUM (Long Island, New York)
Telephone (516) 922 6808. Open Tues-Sun 1300hrs-1700hrs
Served as British H.Q. During the Revolutionary War. It is associated with JOHN GRAVES SIMCOE (Of  QUEENS RANGERS FAME) It is here a conversation between Major Andre and Lt. Colonel Simcoe was overheard by a Townsend daughter.The conversation consisted of  detailed information about a treasonous plot with American General Benedict Arnold. General Arnold was to surrender his troops at West Point to Major Andre.
It also has less sinister links, in particular America's first documented Valentine Lt. Col Simcoe apparently asked Sally Townsend to "Choose me for your Valentine" and wrote to her as such. See full version of his Valentine

SARATOGA
A visit to this site being ideal if also visiting Forts Edward,George, and Ticonderoga etc. Saratoga is one of what I call the "big three" of the American Revolution (the other two being Boston and Yorktown). As it happens others must think so, therefore it is no accident they are amply covered by Osprey publishing in their Campaign series of books. Such is the case with Burgoyne's ill fated expedition, and I cannot recommend a better and more handy guide to the battlefields.

I say battlefields because this comprises several sites over a good few miles--Freeman's Farm, Bemis Heights and the surrender site itself Saratoga-NOW SCHUYLERVILLE. The visitor's needs are well catered for by the Saratoga National Historical Park

Fort Ticonderoga/ Fort Carillon

FORT TICONDEROGA
Supplied by our friend
Christopher D. Fox
Curator, Fort Ticonderoga







    The much contested fortress (During both the French and Indian War and the American Revolution) was built in 1755 by the French and named Fort Carillon. It was subsequently captured and renamed Fort Ticonderoga in 1759 by the British. The Fortress stands at the southern tip of Lake Champlain guarding over the old North/South river/lake trading and/or invasion route.Its influence on history alone makes it unique and worthy of a visit however the museum also exhibits an unparalleled collection of 18th century military arms, accoutrements and articles of the private soldier.
So on two fronts the enthusiast is in for a treat.
    The open season runs from early May to late October and it is open seven days a week 09.00 to 17.00 which extends till 18.00 during July and August Official Website

Utica, New York (20 Miles North of Utica)
Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Von SteubenHistoric Site
In the early 1930's New York State purchased land surrounding the monument and developed the historic site erecting a replica of the Baron's log cabin and providing picnic tables and brasiers for visitors to the site.
Programs are developed and scheduled by the Friends of Baron Steuben and are held at the site from Memorial Day weekend to Labor Day weekend.
Valley Forge (Pennsylvania)
The endurance of the fledgling America army at Valley Forge  (and nearby Morris town) during the winter of 1777-8, is by its self  a great epic of American History, it also marks a turning point in the fortunes of American arms. Needless to say it draws a good few visitors who are as usual well catered for by the National Parks Service. The official web site is particularly good and is continually added to/amended

MOUNT VERNON  VA

The home of, and final resting place of GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Mount Vernon must be the Mecca for anyone interested in the Birth of the U.S.A. It is one of the few places I know of that is open 365 days of the year including all holidays such as CHRISTMAS. "It is owned and maintained in trust for the people of the United States by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, a private, non-profit organization" so we take pleasure in applauding/supporting the efforts of those good folk. It is probably best visited alongside Washington's great victory YORKTOWN. As with that battle site Washington DC appropriately enough provides best access from the U.K.
WEST POINT
    Though not an actual battle site of the Revolution its fortification had the significant effect of stopping any British attempts on the North South route to/from New York--Albany--- Canada. Such was its strategic situation that the British put great store on its capture.This would involve the defection of Benedict Arnold and eventual death of Major Andre. It was to this site that cannon etc captured at Saratoga were taken (where they remain to this day).
    Since the fateful Revolutionary days West Point has become THE U.S. Officer training Academy with a World respected reputation. Needless to say the military museum is worldclass and houses a good few exhibits, not only from the revolutionary war, that cannot be seen anywhere else.
    Built on a commanding promontory  over looking the Hudson River, it's a beautiful place, especially in "the fall", I would go so far as to say its worth a visit just for the view. It is best visited if travelling from/too New York from/too Albany. The nearby small community has a number of very good military bookshops so wives could do well to take firm command of finances during the visit.
YORKTOWN (VA)
One of what I call the "big three" of the American Revolution (the other two being Boston and Saratoga).Once again this "final battle of the Revolution is covered by Osprey publishing in their Campaign series of books once again I cannot recommend a better and handy guide to this most famous of battlefields.

The battlefield/siege lines, town plus Jamestown (The first English settlement in the New World) and Colonial Williamsburg all fall under the broad heading of

THE COLONIAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK

Though NOT within easy reach of my favourite U.S. city (Boston), (Washington probably being the best arrival point) as an historic site with almost complete battlefield, for the enthusiast, it is a site not to be missed.
It has a very well equiped and manned (once again a very friendly lot) visitor centre. For those wanting to know a little more of the history behind this site AND the events up till the treaty of Paris September 1783 click----

HISTORY

Other Sites and Battlefields
As I have yet to visit many of the following battlefields, all/we can do for the present is supply links to relevant historic parks, web sites etc. As I/we have not visited these places yet we cannot verify their value to the visitor, should you therefore visit, then, we would appreciate any information you might gain.

Brandywine  (Pennsylvania)

Brooklynn--Little of the battlefield remains---covered as it is by the sprawl of modern Brooklynn however the visitor can find a few remnants of that battle--The Old Stone House--(A authentic reconstruction of the house where Mordechai Grist lead some 400 Marylanders in a desperate movement to cover the retreating American troops after the defeat of the main revolutionary force on Long Island) and Battle Pass incorporated into modern day Prospect Park.For brief description of battle. Better still obtain----------
------John J Gallagher's superb THE BATTLE OF BROOKLYNN 1776

Camden

Cowpens (South Carolina)

Crown Point

Eutaw Springs

Fort Washington (not a great deal to be seen but of interest to the 35th Foot)

Guildford Court House (North Carolina)

Kings mountain

MonmouthThe largest battle of the Revolution

Princetown

Oriskany --possibly the bloodiest battle of the American revolution

Trenton (New Jersey) See also the Old Barracks

TOMBS AND MONUMENTS
OF PERSONALITIES

Horatio Gates American Revolutionary General / Hero of the Battle of Saratoga.Specific location of grave is unknown.
He rests somewhere within
                                Trinity Churchyard
                                74 Trinity Place
                                Manhattan, New York,
                                USA 10006
                                212-602-0800

Nathanael Greene born. 1742. died. 1786. Revolutionary War General (second in command to General George Washington). As acting commander of the Continental Army, he quashed Benedict Arnold's 1780 plot to surrender West Point to the British. He Rests
                                 Johnson Square,
                                 Savannah,
                                 Georgia,
                                 USA
John Paul Jones
Such is the unique contribution that John Paul Jones made to his adopted country's fight for freedom, plus a unique story in life AND death, we are only to happy give more time and space to this remarkable man.

      One of the founders of the U.S. Navy. John Paul was born at Arbigland, Kirkbean, Kirkcudbright, Scotland, on the 6th of July 1747. Apprenticed to a merchant at age 13, he went to sea in the brig Friendship to learn the art of seamanship.
    He sailed aboard merchantmen and slavers, becoming a first mate on a slaver brigantine by 1766 and in 1769 he received his first command.
In 1773, as the commander of a merchant vessel, he killed a mutinous crewman at Tobago in the West Indies and, rather than stay in prison and wait for trial, he fled to North America. From that point the British considered him to be a pirate. A fugitive from British justice, he attempted to conceal his identity by adding the surname of Jones.
     At the outbreak of the American Revolution, Jones was in Virginia. He cast his lot with the rebels, and on the 7th of December 1775, he was commissioned first lieutenant in the Continental Navy, serving aboard
Esek Hopkins' flagship Alfred.
    As First Lieutenant in Alfred, he was the first to hoist the Grand Union
flag on a Continental warship. On the 1st of November 1777, he was given command of the Ranger, which was then about to sail for France. Sailing into Quiberon Bay, France, on the14th of February 1778, Jones and French Admiral La Motte Piquet exchanged gun salutes — the first time that the Stars and Stripes, the flag of the new nation, was officially recognized by a foreign government (John Paul Jones was actually carrying the news of Burgoynes surrender at Saratoga).
    Making two landings on the British mainland---Whitehaven (where his small force spiked several guns in the Fort) and .St Mary's Isle (with the aim of kidnapping the Earl of Selkirk for prisoner of war exchange purposes) he managed to capture the British sloop Drake and with many prisoners he returned to the United States and from there once again to France.
    Early in 1779, the French King gave Jones an ancient East Indiaman the Duc de Duras, which Jones refitted, repaired, and renamed Bon Homme Richard as a compliment to his patron Benjamin Franklin. Promoted to commodore and commanding four other "American" ships plus two French privateers, he sailed on the 14th of August 1779 to raid English shipping.
    On the 23rd September 1779, his ship engaged a much superior and far nimbler HMS Serapis in the North Sea off Famborough Head, England. Bon Homme Richard was blasted in the initial broadside the two ships exchanged, loosing much of her firepower and many of her gunners. Captain Richard Pearson, commanding Serapis, called out to Jones, asking if he surrendered. Jones' famous and much quoted reply was : "I have not yet begun to fight!"
    In the bitter fighting the two ships became locked in combat. Sharpshooting Marines and seamen in Richard's tops raked Serapis with small arms, clearing the weather decks. Jones and his crew tenaciously fought on, even though their ship was sinking beneath them. Finally, Capt. Pearson tore down his colors and Serapis surrendered. Bon Homme Richard sunk the next day and Jones was forced to transfer to Serapis.
FLAG HOISTED ON THE CAPTURED H.M.S. SERAPIS
BY JOHN PAUL JONES
    After the American Revolution, plagued by political enemies Jones served as a Rear Admiral in the service of Empress Catherine of Russia. Once again plagued by Court political intrigues he returned to Paris in 1790. He died in Paris at the age of 45 on the 18th of  July 1792. He was buried in St. Louis Cemetery, which belonged to the French royal family. Four years later, France's revolutionary government sold the property and the cemetery was forgotten.
    In 1845, Col. John H. Sherburne began a campaign to return Jones' remains to the United States. He wrote to the Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft and requested the body be brought home aboard a ship of the Mediterranean Squadron. Six years later, preliminary arrangements were made, but the plans fell through when several of Jones' Scottish relatives objected. Had they not, another problem would have arisen. Jones was in an unmarked grave and no one knew exactly where that was.
    American Ambassador Horace Porter began a systematic search for it in 1899. The burial place and Jones' body was discovered in April 1905. President Theodore Roosevelt sent four cruisers to bring it back to the U.S., and these ships were escorted up the Chesapeake Bay by seven battleships.
    On the 26th of January 1913, the remains of John Paul Jones were laid to rest in the crypt of the U.S. Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis, Md. Today, a Marine honor guard stands duty whenever the crypt is open to the public. Public. Visiting hours are from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., Mondays through Saturdays, and from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. on Sundays.
See also John Paul Jones House Museum---Portsmouth New Hampshire

Charles Lee born. 1731. died. 1782.Revolutionary War General, remembered for the blistering  verbal attack on him by George Washington during the battle of Monmouth.
                                Churchyard of Christ Church,
                                Philadelphia,
                                Pennsylvania,
                                USA

Harry Lee born January 29, 1756. d. March 25, 1818.
(No relation to Charles Lee)
Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee .Renowned Revolutionary War Cavalry Commander. His most notable exploit was the capture of  Paulus Hook, New Jersey, where he and his command captured 400 British soldiers with the loss of only one man. Lee idolised his commander, Washington, and became one of  his most trusted lieutenants, while his superb horsemanship soon earned him the nickname "Light Horse Harry." Upon the death of President George Washington, Harry Lee was asked by Congress to deliver a tribute to his beloved general, describing him, for posterity thus-

"First in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen.. second to none in the humble and endearing scenes of private life".

    Later he put his memoirs down on paper (partly to repay mounting debts--alas he was no farmer). Ironically his last years were marred by much pain bought on by injuries, he received when he was beaten by a mob after being involved in the publicising of articles criticising the then U.S. Government and its War With Britain (1812). Seeking relief in the warm climate of the West Indies, his health continued to decline, he attempted to return home, but he died on Cumberland Island, Georgia, in the home of the daughter of his former commander, Nathanael Greene.
    A Brave man by any standards, a loyal follower of George Washington
HE RESTS NEXT TO HIS EVEN MORE ILLUSTRIOUS AND MUCH LOVED LEGENDARY SON ROBERT E. LEE. Both rest in the Lee family crypt/museum, Lexington, Virginia
 

Benjamin Lincoln,   b. January 24, 1733. d. May 9, 1810.
Revolutionary War Continental Army Major General. Served with distinction in the Northern battles of Bennington and Saratoga. Made commander of the Charleston, South Carolina defenses in 1788, he allowed the British to box him in the city, which he surrendered after the siege (1780). Exchanged, he joined Washington's army in time to participate in Cornwallis' defeat at Yorktown. As Washington's second in command, he accepted the British surrender from Cornwallis' second in Command, Brig. Gen. Charles O'Hara (Cornwallis was ill and did not personally surrender). He served as Secretary of War of the Continental Congress from 1781-1783. A myth arose that Washington spurned O'Hara's surrender sword, and directed it to General Lincoln because Cornwallis forced Lincoln to surrender Charleston. The truth is the military protocol of the time directed officers of equal rank to deal with one another. Since Washington was higher in rank to O'Hara, protocol dictated the General Lincoln accept the surrender. He rests--
                                Old Ship Church Cemetery,
                                Hingham,
                                Massachusetts,
                                USA.

Thomas Paine Born January 29th 1737 died June 8th 1802.
"Arguably the most important and influential political propagandist ever to have written in the English language". Much of his doctrines can be seen behind such World organsations as THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTERS.
Born in thetford, Norfolk England, to a Quaker father (A staymaker  by tradeand "Freeman of the borough of Thetford" and therefore of some consequence) and Anglican mother, the fortunate young man was educated at the local Grammar School.
His early life after school was spent at first as aprentice to his father however he was never satisfied with his lot and soon turned to wanderings and a number of temporary positions which included teacher, as a privateer, and oddly staymaker. He lived for a while in London where he regularly
attended astronomy and science lesson the subjects of which influenced his writings in later life. A new life found him training as an Excise man and worked in Grantham Lincs however after a sacking then reinstatement he moved South to the County Town of Lewes in Sussex.
It was in Lewes that he first took an active part in politics both in parish matters and debating group which he joined. Alas a second marriage ended in disaster while his business met a similar fate, to top it all he was again sacked by the Excise board.
Thanks to his Political leanings he had become friends with Benjamin Franklin. this great statesman furnished the disilusioned 37 year old with letters of introduction and Thomas Paine headed for the New World
By 1759 he had settled down in Sandwich Kent, as a staymaker, and it was here he married only to see his love die in childbirth the following year.
Arguably one of those intellectual giants whose writings influence us to this day. During his life he took an active part in both The American and French Revolutions and personally new most of the important people involved in those events. He produced many books, (the two most famous being The Rights of Man and The Age of Reason) and pamphlets advocating political, social and religious reform. His articles also championed the rights and dignity of the ordinary man. Throughout his life time he was the embodiment of  pepublican democracy and freethought.
By 1774 Thomas Paine had become a jounalist, and eventual editor of a new Pennslvanian Magazine. Now, a steady stream of political pamphlets came from his direction including one of the most influentual of those calling for American Independence--"COMMON SENSE".
When War broke out he saw some active service but his greatest weapon was his pen, which he now wielded to great effect. During the lfe of the early republic Paine held a number of prominent posts but eventually became critical of some aspects of the New Republic.
By 1787 Paine was back in Europe where he published THE RIGHTS OF MAN. But this led to being charged with having written seditiuos libel, prudently Paine fled to France, never to return. Arriving in France he was greeted as something of a hero and eventually elected by the people of the Pas de Calais, as their member of the National Assembly. In England meanwhile, he was tried and found guilt in his absence making any return impossible.
In France for calling for the TRIAL, but NOT the execution, of LOUIS XVI, PAINE fell foul of ROBESPIERE. For this he spent several mounths in Luxembourg prison and only narrowly missed being guillotined.
Arround this time his The Age of Reason was published. This contained a viscious attack on recognised religion creating for its author a great many enemies.
With the rise of a new tyrant, Napoleon, Paine became dissilusioned with French politics and returned to America. Here at the age of 72 Thomas Paine died on the 8th of June 1808. He was buried on his farm at New Rochelle.
Sadly even in death he was doomed to see little rest for in 1819 William Corbett had Paines remains dug up with the intention of returning them to England for use in stimulating interest in the great man, alas Corbett died and Paines remains were lost ---the man who uttered the words ----

"My country is the World and my Religion is to do good "
has no known resting place, however there is a marker at his last known resting place at New Rochelle New York.

Israel Putnam born. January 7, 1718. died. May 29, 1790.
This renowned general helped organize the defense of Bunker Hill. He was also involved in the battles around New York in 1776. Veteran of the 1754-63 French and Indian wars, an explorer in 1766-67 of the Mississippi River; member of  Conneticut general assembly. He rests beneath a few particularly poignant lines at
                              Putnam Monument,
                             Brooklyn,
                              Connecticut,
                              USA

John Stark Defender of "Bunker Hill" and victor of "Bennington". A brave and stubborn fighter which seemed to have followed him throughout his life as he was the last survivor of the great leaders of the American Revolution.
he rests in
                               John Stark State Park,
                               Manchester,
                               New Hampshire,
                               USA

Friedrich Wilhelm Von Steuben
Born 17th September 1730 died,  28th of November, 1794,

A much, overlooked hero of the American Revolution, General Steuben should possibly be considered the “Father of the American Military.”  His training methods and sheer ability without doubt substantially contributed to American freedom.

He was born in the fortress town of Magdeburg on 17th of September, 1730, a son of Royal Prussian Engineer, Lt. Baron Wilhelm von Steuben, and his wife, Elizabeth von Jagvodin.

He entered the Prussian army in 1746 as lance-corporal. As a second lieutenant, in May of 1757, he was wounded at the second battle of Prague. After he recovered from this minor injury he was able to participate in the Battle of Rossbach in November of 1757. By 1761 Major Friederich von Steuben was a general staff officer and aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great, during The Seven Years War  (French and Indian War).

After the demobilisation of 1763, he secured the post of Grand Marshall in the court of the Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen. In 1769 he was awarded the Order of Fidelity, an honorary knighthood, by the Margrave of Baden. French War Minister, Count de St. Germain, introduced him to American ambassador, Benjamin Franklin, who arranged his passage to the United States. Steuben arrived on the at Portsmouth, New Hampshire on 1st of December, 1777. A few days later Von Steuben sent a short note to the Continental Congress at York, Pennsylvania and, to General Washington, offering his services. His letter, which is looked upon as something of a classic, may not be his own words, as "The Baron" spoke no English.

"Honorable Gentlemen:   The honor of serving a nation engaged in the  noble enterprise of defending  its rights and liberties,  was the motive that brought me  to this continent.   I ask neither riches nor titles.   I am come  here from  the  remotest end of Germany, at my own expense, and have given up an honorable and lucrative rank.   I have made no  conditions  with your deputies in France,  nor shall I make with you.   My only ambition is to serve you as a volunteer, to  deserve   the  confidence of your general in chief, and to follow him in  all his  operations, as I  have done during  seven campaigns with the King  of  Prussia.   Two  and  twenty years spent  in such a  school   seem to give me  a  right  of   thinking   myself  among  the number  of  experienced   officers;  and if I am possessed of the  acquire-ments  of the art of war, they will be much more prized by me if I can employ  them in  the service of a republic such as I hope soon to see in America.  I should  willingly purchase, at the expense of  my  blood,  the  honor  of  having my  name enrolled among those of the defenders of your liberty.  Your gracious acceptance will be sufficient for me, and  I  ask no   other  favor than to be received among your officers.  I venture to hope that you will grant this, my request, and you will be so good as to send me your orders to Boston, where I shall await them, and take suitable measures in accordance".

His offer of service was accepted, and he reported to Gen. George Washington at Valley Forge, Pa., on 23rd of February. When he arrived at  Valley Forge he was appalled by the condition of the army, his own words speak for themselves --"It would be an endless task to enumerate the abuses which nearly ruined the army."

There seemed to be little accountability for supplies, officers could not even sure of the number of men under their command. Equipment of all kinds was lacking, with soldiers without clothing or even muskets, worse still there was a complete lack of discipline. Troops were even in the habit of coming and going as they pleased, those who living nearby walking away and return to their homes to attend to their farm chores . On the operational level, although they were good individual fighters, the American infantry's ignorance of the elementary principles of drill or manoeuvring often put them at a fatal disadvantage against their well-trained British/ Hanoverian opponents

Steuben immediately took control of this military chaos and set out to change it. Personally becoming a drill sergeant, he started teaching marching, marksmanship and battle tactics. He introduced group training, hand picking 100 men, training them and sending them out to train others. He put into practice camp sanitary methods and established common latrines, away from the tented areas, while tents themselves were erected in lines in a proper military fashion. Soon the camp began to have a ordered disciplined appearance which in turn no doubt effected the self esteem of Washington's troops.

All of this organisation, including the necessary orders, was handicapped by Von Steubens lack of English. However Nathaniel Greene and Alexander Hamilton were great admirers of Steuben's efforts and it was these two men who actually passed on his orders.

Impressed no doubt by the change beginning to come over his army, Washington recommended, to Congress, on 30th of April, 1778, that Von Steuben should be appointed Inspector General of the Army. Congress complied and in May 1778. Not all of Washington's Generals had the same degree of respect for what Steuben was accomplishing. Generals LaFayette, Lee and Mifflin felt that they were being interfered with in the training of troops under their command (This may even have been tinged with a little jealousy?), nevertheless, Steuben continued with his valuable task.

During this time Steuben wrote his training manual known as 'The Blue Book', more formally known as, "Regulations For The Order And Discipline Of The Troops".   The book included detailed instructions for the discipline and conduct of officers and enlisted men, as well as organisation of units, and all related issues. Washington approved the book and printing commenced of three thousand copies ordered by Congress.

In the spring 1780 Von Steuben was in Virginia where he assisted LaFayette with Virginia Continental troops. Commanding a division during the enveloping of Yorktown where his skill and experience in siege warfare became invaluable and may often have been deferred to. After the war ended he and Washington devised a plan for the defence of the Colonies. The army was being demobilised in 1783 and Von Steuben was discharged in 1784 and was granted American citizenship by a special act of the Pennsylvania Legislature.

He moved to New York City living at several locations. Considered somewhat of a hero and something of a ladies man he seems to have been a witty and amusing dinner guest so invitations came in profusion from the prominent society families of the area. He was also generous, to a fault, (Which may have been a failing since his finances seemed to have suffered) and was connected with an Organization that provided food and shelter for the poor of German extraction. In 1790 the Baron received a pension from the then government, enabling him to move to a plot of land in Oneida County.

      On the 28th of November , 1794, the Baron unexpectedly passed away. His body was wrapped in his military cloak and on Saturday, 29th of November the General was laid to rest beneath a tree on his estate.  (Von Steuben was childless, having never married, it was rumoured that he came to America in 1777 because of a broken European romance ?).

His Friend and admirer Charles Green's words on this Gallant Prussian Officer were--
             "To fully relate the  accomplishments and achievements  of  General  Von Steuben would take more space than is available in this publication. We sometimes forget the contributions of these patriots, to the freedom we enjoy today, and this brief article serves as a reminder to those who served".

During the early 19th century it was determined that a new road was to be built across the Von Steuben estate.  The surveyors laid out the road in such a manner that it would cross over the burial site.  During the grading, the coffin was uncovered and neighbours opened it to obtain pieces of the General's military cloak. Steuben's friend, Benjamin Walker, had the coffin dug up and reburied. He is buried near his cabin originally in an unmarked grave in accordance with his wishes. In 1875, however, the Steuben Society of America and New York State erected a monument to mark the Baron's final resting place.

George Washington America's Great leader of the revolution and father of his country see

Mount Vernon



 
 
 
 
 

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