Louis Essen – Published Papers
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1 |
1934 |
The
valve-maintained tuning fork as a primary standard of frequency (with DW
Dye). Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 143,
A, 285-306. |
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2 |
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Description of the
quartz control of a transmitter at 1785kc/s. Journ. Inst. Elec. Engrs,
74, 595-7. |
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3 |
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International
frequency comparisons by means of standard radio frequency emissions. Journ.
Inst. Elec. Engrs. 75,
289-293. |
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4 |
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Measuring millionths
of a second. Watch and Clock Maker. |
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5 |
1935 |
International
frequency comparisons by means of standard radio frequency emissions. Proc.
R. Soc. Lond., 149 A, 506-10. |
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6 |
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Examples of the
electrical twinning of quartz. Journ. Sci. Instrum. 12, 256-7. |
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7 |
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Oscillations of
hollow quartz cylinders. Nature, 135,
1076. |
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8 |
1936 |
A controlled
oscillator f or generating standard audio frequencies. Journ. Sci.
Instrum. 13, 9-13. |
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9 |
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The Dye quartz ring
oscillator as a standard of frequency and time. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 155 A, 498-519. |
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10 |
1937 |
The effect of
the Fitzgerald_Lorentz contraction of the frequency of longitudinal vibration
of a rod (with AB Wood and EA Tomlinson). Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 158 A, 606-33. |
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11 |
1938 |
A new form of
frequency and time standard. Proc. Phys. Soc. 50, 413-23. |
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12 |
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The quartz
clock. Occ. Notes R. Astronom. Soc. 1, 7-12. |
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13 |
1940 |
A precision
frequency meter of range 0-2000 Mc/s. Proc. Phys. Soc., 52, 616-24. |
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14 |
1944 |
The measurement
of balanced and unbalanced impedances at frequencies near 500 Mc/s and its
application to the determination of the propagation constants of cables. Journ.
Inst. Elec. Engrs. 91 Pt. III
84-95. |
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15 |
1945 |
The measurement
of frequencies in the range 100 Mc/s to 10 000 Mc/s (with AC Gordon-Smith). Journ.
Inst. Elec. Engrs. 92 Pt. III,
291-5. |
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16 |
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Aerial impedance
measurements (with MH Oliver). Wireless Engr. 22, 587-93. |
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17 |
1946 |
The measurement
of the electrical properties of cables. Journ. Inst. Elec. Engrs. 93, Pt.III A, 211-2. |
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18 |
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The measurement
of the propagation constants of screened twin cables. Journ. Inst., 93 Pt. III A, 1319-25. |
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19 |
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The measurement of
frequencies in the range 10 000 Mc/s to 50 000 Mc/s (with GH Aston). Journ.
Inst. Elec. Engrs., 93 Pt. III
A, 1374-8. |
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20 |
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Cavity resonator
wavemeters. Wireless Engr. 23,
126-32. |
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21 |
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The design, calibration
and performance of resonance wavemeters for frequencies between 1 000 Mc/s
and 25 000 Mc/s. Journ. Inst. Elec. Engrs. 93, Pt. III A, 1413-26. |
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22 |
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Recent advances
in the measurement of frequency. Bull Radio Soc. Gt. Brit. 21, Nos. 11 and 12. |
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23 |
1947 |
The velocity of
light. Nature 149, 611, |
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24 |
1948 |
The velocity of
propagation of electromagnetic waves derived from the resonant frequencies of
a cylindrical cavity resonator (with AC Gordon Smith). Proc. R. Soc. Lond.
A 194, 348-61. |
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25 |
1949 |
Radio standards
(eith L Hartshorn). Proc. Inst. Elec. Engrs. 196, Pt. III 37-9. |
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26 |
1950 |
Velocity of
light and radio waves Nature 165,
582. |
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27 |
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The velocity of propagation
of electromagnetic waves derived from the resonant frequencies of a
cylindrical cavity resonator. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 204 A, 260-77. |
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28 |
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The atomic
clock. Practical Mechanics. |
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29 |
1951 |
Proposed new
value for the velocity of light. Nature 167, 258. |
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30 |
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Dielectric
constant and refractive index of air and its principal constituents at 24,000
Mc/s (with KD Froome). Nature, 167, 512. |
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31 |
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The refractive indices
and dielectric constants of air and its principal constituents at 24,000 Mc/s
(with KD Froome). Proc. Phys. Soc. B, 64, 862-75. |
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32 |
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Frequency
standardisation. Proc. Inst. Elec. Engrs. 98 Pt. II, 154-64. |
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33 |
1952 |
The measurement of
time, frequency and velocity. Proc. Symposium at NPL 1951 (London:
HMSO), 88-97 |
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34 |
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Precision
measurements with microwaves. Proceedings of a conference on microwave
physics. Brit. Journ. Appl. Sci. 3,
337-41. |
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35 |
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The measurement
of the velocity of electromagnetic waves and the refractive index of air at
microwave frequencies (with KD Froome). Suppl. Nuovo Cimento, 9, 277-82. |
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36 |
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The velocity of
light. Sci. Prog. 157,
54-70. |
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37 |
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The measurement
of time, distance and velocity. Times Review of Progress of Science.
No. 3. |
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38 |
1953 |
The refractive
indices of air, water vapour, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, deuterium and
helium. Proc. Phys. Soc. B, 66,
189-93. |
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39 |
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A highly stable microwave
oscillator and its application to the measurement of spatial variations of
refractive index in the atmosphere. Proc. Inst. Elec. Engrs. 100, Pt. III, 19-24. |
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40 |
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Precision
measurements of the velocity of electromagnetic waves and the refractive
indices of gases at microwave frequencies. Proc. 3rd Conf. On
high frequency measurements. Washington. |
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41 |
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High frequency
electrical measurements. Nature, 172,
52. |
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42 |
1954 |
Standard
frequency transmissions Proc. Inst. Elec. Engrs. 101, Pt. III, 249-55. |
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43 |
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World-wide
frequency and time comparisons by means of radio transmission (with HT
Mitchell and JA Pierce). Nature, 174,
192 |
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44 |
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Proposal for new
aether-drift experiment. Nature, 173,
734. |
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45 |
1955 |
A new
aether-drift experiment. Nature, 175,
793. |
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46 |
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An atomic
standard of frequency and time interval (with JV Parry). Nature, 176, 280 |
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47 |
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New definition
of the unit of time and frequency. Wireless Engr. 32, 312. |
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48 |
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The measurements
of the dielectric constants of standard liquids (with L Hartshorn and JVL
Parry). Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. B, 68, 422. |
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49 |
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Recent progress
in frequency standards, standard frequency transmissions and the
determination of velocity. Vth Int. Conf. On Chronology. Annales
françaises de chronometrie. (Obs. National de Besançon) 1, 343. |
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50 |
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Time keeping and
the atomic clock. BBC. |
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51 |
1956 |
The velocity of
light. Endeavour, 15,
87-91. |
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52 |
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Atomic and
astronomical time (with JVL Parry). Nature, 177, 744 |
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53 |
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Atomic Time and
the definition of the second. Nature, 178, 34. |
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54 |
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MSF standard
frequency transmissions expressed in terms of the caesium resonator. Wireless
Engineer. |
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55 |
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The NPL caesium
standard. La Suisse Horologère (English edn.). |
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56 |
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The caesium
resonator as a standard of frequency and time (with JVL Parry). Philos.
Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 250 A,
45-69. |
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57 |
1957 |
The units of
time and length. Nature, 180,
137-8. |
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58 |
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The clock
paradox and relativity. Nature, 180,
1061-2. |
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59 |
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The caesium
resonator as a standard of frequency and time (with JVL Parry). Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 250,
45-69. |
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60 |
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Comparison of caesium
resonators by transatlantic radio transmissions (with JVL Parry and JA
Pierce). Nature, 180, 526. |
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61 |
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Standards of
time and frequency. Research. 10, 217. |
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62 |
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Atomic and
astronomical time (with JVL Parry). Times Science Review No. 25. |
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63 |
1958 |
Frequency of
cesium in terms of ephemeris time (with Wm Markowitz, RG Hall and JVL Parry).
Phys. Rev. Lett. 1. 105-7. |
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64 |
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Variation in the
speed of rotation of the earth since June 1955 (with JVL Parry, Wm Markowitz
and RG Hall). Nature, 81, 1054 |
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65 |
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Comparison of
caesium frequency standards of different construction (with JVL Parry, JH
Holloway, Wm Markowitz, FA Reder and GMR Winkler). Nature, 182,
41. |
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66 |
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Atomic clocks. J.
Instn. Elect. Engrs., 647 |
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67 |
1959 |
Circuits
employed in the NPL caesium standard (with EG Hope and JVL Parry). Proc.
Inst. Elec. Engrs. 106 B,
240-4. |
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68 |
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Report on
precision of atomic standards and frequency to IAU Symposium 11. Astronom.
Journ., 64, 81-124. |
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69 |
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An improved frequency
and time standard (with JVL Parry). Nature, 184, 1791. |
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70 |
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Comparison of
caesium frequency standards of different construction (with JVL Parry, JH
Holloway, WA Mainberger, FH Reder and GMR Winkler). Proc. Instn. Rad.
Engrs., 47, 1730. |
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71 |
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Atomic standards
of length and timev(with H Barrell). Science Progress, 47, 209. |
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72 |
1960 |
Frequency
variations of quartz oscillators and the Earth’s rotation in terms of the NPL
caesium standard (with JVL Parry and J McA Steele). Proc. Inst. Elec.
Engrs. 107 B, 229-234. |
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73 |
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Problems of
relativity in time measurement in space vehicles. In Draper Anniversary
Volume. (McGraw-Hill). |
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74 |
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Some impressions
of electrical measurements in the USSR. Journ. Inst. Elec. Engrs. 6, 9. |
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75 |
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The caesium
frequency standard at the NPL, England. Radiotekhnika(USSR) 15, No. 3, 3. |
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76 |
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The
international coordination of time signals and standard frequency
transmissions. Nature, 187,
452-3. |
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77 |
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Accurate time measurements
for Central Office of Information. Physics Today, 13, 26. |
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78 |
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Atomic clocks
and frequency standards. Horol. Journ. 102, 222. |
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79 |
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Atomic clocks. Yearbook
of the Physical Soc., 49. |
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80 |
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Atomic clocks – Standards
for the most accurate time measurements. Umschau, 24, 759. |
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81 |
1961 |
Atomic clocks. Chambers
Encyclopaedia, 1, 765-7 |
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82 |
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Hyperfine
splitting of rubidium-87 (with EG Hope and D Sutcliffe). Nature, 189, 298. |
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83 |
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Atomic beam work
at the NPL during 1958-9. In Frequency control: Proceedings of the
fourteenth annual symposium. (US Army Electronics Laboratory, Fort
Monmouth). |
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84 |
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Work on atomic
frequency standards at the NPL during 1960. In Frequency control:
Proceedings of the fourteenth annual symposium. (US Army Electronics
Laboratory, Fort Monmouth). |
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85 |
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From pendulum to
atoms. Impulse, 18, 23. |
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86 |
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The accurate
measurement of time. In Pears Cyclopaedia, 193. |
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87 |
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Contributions to
the Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physics. 1, 604, 3, 302, 305, 4, 675, 5, 343 (Oxford: Pergamon Press). |
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Time
Measurement. In Discovery 5th Series, Programme 7, Spring 1961.
(Granada TV). |
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88 |
1962 |
Atomic clocks
and the measurement of time. In Annual Science Survey, 1962 Book 3.
(London: Vista Books), 46-55. |
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89 |
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Frequency and
time standards. Proc. Inst. Radio Engrs. 50, 1158-64. |
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90 |
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Contribution to
‘Discussion on the present state of relativity’ Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A,
270, 305 & 312. |
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91 |
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Atomic clocks. Research,
15 255-60. |
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92 |
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The
international comparison of atomic standards of time and frequency (with J
McA Steele). Proc. Inst. Elec. Engrs. 109, B, 41-7. |
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93 |
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URSI Golden Jubilee
Anniversary Volume, Chapter 2, Commission 1. |
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94 |
1963 |
Atomic time and
frequency standard transmissions. Journ. Inst. Elec. Engrs. 9, 247-50. |
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95 |
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Summary of
sessions 6, 7 and 8 of the International conference on precision electromagnetic
measurements, at Boulder, Colorado USA, August 1962 Journ, Sci. Instrum.
40, 55-6. |
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96 |
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Basic concepts
of measurement and the Michelson-Morley experiment. Nature, 199, 684. |
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97 |
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Letter - The
clock paradox. Journ. Inst. Elec. Engrs. 9, 389-90. |
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98 |
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Problem of
relativity in space vehicles. Draper Anniversary Volume, Aiv. Space and
Instruments (ed. S Lees) (New York, McGraw Hill), 194. |
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99 |
1964 |
The NPL
frequency standard. In Frequency control: Proceedings of the eighteenth
annual symposium. Atlantic City NJ, May 1964 (US Army Electronics
Laboratory, Fort Monmouth), 308 |
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100 |
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Bearing of
recent experiments on the special and general theories of relativity. Nature,
202, 787. |
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101 |
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Bearing of
recent experiments on the special and general theories of relativity. Nature,
203, 396. |
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102 |
1965 |
Atomic beam
frequency standards (R W Beatty, ed.) Progress in radio science, 1960-63
(Amsterdam: Elsevier), 1, 11. |
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103 |
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New orders of accuracy.
Discovery, 26, 43-50. |
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104 |
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A time dilation
experiment based on the Mössbauer effect. Proc. Phys. Soc. 86 671-2. |
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105 |
1966 |
Standard
frequency transmissions in the United Kingdom. Journ. Inst. Telecomm.
Engrs. New Delhi, 12, 257. |
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106 |
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The measurement
of time and frequency. Contemp. Physics, 7, 343-9. |
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107 |
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The velocity of
light and electromagnetic theory. Progress in Radio Science, URSI,
Part 1, 81. |
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108 |
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Chairman’s report
– Progress in Radio Science, URSI. Part 1, 6. |
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109 |
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Nobel
Prizes - the discovery of optical
pumping. (Note on Professor Kastler). New Scientist, 32, No.
520. |
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110 |
1967 |
A revolution in
time keeping. Electronics and Power, 13, 172-4. |
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111 |
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Atomic units and
scales of time. Definition, realisation and use of time and frequency. In Colloquium
of Professional group, J4, Measurements, October 1967. Colloquium digest
1967/16, (London, Institution of Electrical Engineers) 1/1. |
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112 |
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Standard
frequency transmissions in Europe. Telecomm. Journ. 34, 468. |
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113 |
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Keeping atomic
time. New Scientist, 35, 148-50. |
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114 |
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Chairman’s
survey for 1963-1966. in (R W Beatty, ed.) Progress in radio science, 1963-1966.
Proceedings of the fifteenth General Assembly of the International Scientific
Radio Union, held at Munich, September 1966. (Berkeley, California),
no.1, 81. |
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115 |
1968 |
Frequency
standards and measurements. Proc. Inst. Electron. Radio Engrs. 6,3. |
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116 |
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Atomic Clocks. Engineering,
205, 459. |
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117 |
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Time scales. Metrologia,
4, 165-8. |
|
118 |
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The measurement
of time. (in Arthur Beers, ed.) Vistas in Astronomy, 2, 128-37. |
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119 |
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The error in the
special theory of relativity. Nature, 217, 19. |
|
120 |
1969 |
Evaluation of
some aspects of relativity. Proc. Inst. Electron. Engrs. 115,
1853-6. Also: reply to correspondence. 116, 1124. |
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121 |
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Improvements to
the National Physical Laboratory atomic clock (with D Sutcliffe). Nature,
223, 602-3. |
|
122 |
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The velocity
of light and radio waves
(with K D Froome) (London and New York: Academic Press), viii + 157pp. |
|
123 |
1971 |
Frequency of the
hydrogen maser (with RW Donaldson, MJ Bangham and EG Hope). Nature. 229,
110-1. |
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124 |
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Atomic standards
of time. Alta Frequenza, 40, 679-83. |
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125 |
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The velocity of
light. Alta Frequenza, 40, 687-92. |
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126 |
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Electrical
standards in terms of frequency and physical constants. Alta Frequenza,
40, 693-6. |
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127 |
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The special
theory of relativity.
(Oxford science research papers, 5) (Oxford University Press). |
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128 |
1972 |
L’énergie
électromagnétique matérielle et gravitationnelle. Review of book by RL
Vallee. Nature, 238, 473. |
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129 |
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Einstein’s
special theory of relativity. Proc. Royal Inst. Of St Bactain?, 45,
141. |
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130 |
1973 |
Hydrogen maser
work at the National Physical Laboratory. (with RW Donaldson, EG Hope and MJ
Bangham). Metrologica, 9, 128-37. |
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131 |
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The Measurement of
Frequency and Time Interval. HMSO. |
|
132 |
1977 |
Atomic clocks
coming and going. Creation Research Society Quarterly, 14, 46 (rejected by Nature) |
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133 |
1978 |
Relativity and
time signals. Wireless World Oct 1978, 44. |
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134 |
1981 |
Leap Seconds. Wireless
World. July 1981, 39. |
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135 |
1988 |
Relativity: Joke
or Swindle. Wireless World, Feb 1988, 126. |
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136 |
1992 |
Measure for
Measure. BBC May 14, 1992. Photograph of NPL atomic clock with Essen
and Parry. No accreditation. |
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137 |
1996 |
Time for
Reflection. (Private publication). |
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