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| Bacon, Roger |
| Born: 1214 Died: 1294 | A friar who was skilled in alchemy, astronomy, mathematics, optics, etc. Need to determine who would have contact with, influenced etc. He apparently understood the concepts of gunpowder - was this put to use? He studied both at Oxford and Paris, receiving a degree from Paris. In 1266 writing to Pope Clement IV, proposing a scientific encyclopedia. The Pope mistaking his request thinking Bacon had produced one and wanting to see it, forced Bacon to write the whole thing himself. In 1278 he was imprisoned for his writings. | ||||||
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| Baldwin (I, King of Jerusalem) |
| Baldwin of Boulogne was the brother of Godfrey of Bouillon. Together they took part in the First Crusade. Baldwin became the count of Edessa in 1098. Godfrey became the the first King of Jerulsam after the city was captured in 1099. When Godfrey died on 18th July 1100 the post of ruler became vacant. The head of the Church in Jerusalem, Dagobert of Pisa, claimed that the Church itself should rule and as he was its representative he should have the job, but Baldwin disagreed. With a force of a thousand or so men Baldwin travelled to Jerusalem to claim the throne of Jerusalem for himself. The people of Jerusalem chose Baldwin as they recognised the need for a strong leader who could defend the city. Baldwin, unlike his brother, was happy to be called King of Jerusalem and to wear a crown. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Baldwin (II, King of Jerusalem) |
| Born: Died: 1131 | King of Jerusalem. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Baldwin (III, King of Jerusalem 1143-1162) |
| Born: circa 1131 Died: 10 Feb 1162 | Baldwin was the son of Fulk V and Melisende. He became King of Jerusalem after his father died in 1143 and ruled alongside his mother as he was only 13 at the time. He ruled until 1162. | |||||||||||||||
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Baldwin (III, King of Jerusalem 1143-1162) (b.1131 - d.1162)| Ball, John |
| Born: Died: 1381 | John Ball was one of the leaders of the Peasant's Revolt of 1381. Ball was a priest who wandered from village to village preaching equality. He was arrested for his beliefs and was freed from prison by rebels led by Wat Tyler. Ball was hanged at the end of the revolt. | |||||||||
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| Balliol, Edward (King of Scotland 1332) |
| Born: 1283 Died: 1364 | Edward was the eldest son of John Balliol, the king of the Scots. With help from Edward III Edward Balliol claimed the Scottish throne after defeating David II at Dupplin Muir in 1332. Balliol was forced to relinquish the throne a few months later but was helped back into power in 1333 by Edward III. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Balliol, John (King of Scotland 1292-1296) |
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| Beauchamp, Thomas (12th earl of Warwick) |
| Born: 1339 Died: 1401 | Thomas Beauchamp was one of the five lords appellant who accused several of Richard II's advisors of treason. Thomas took part in the battle of Radcot Bridge against the king where the king's army was defeated. In 1397 Thomas was arrested and sent to the Tower of London where the building he was imprisoned in was renamed after hin as the Beauchamp Tower. When Henry IV became King of England Thomas was released from the Tower and given back his lands. | |||||||||||||||
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| Beaufort, Edmund |
| Born: Died: 1471 | Edmund Beaufort was the son of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset who was killed at the Battle of St. Albans in 1455. Edmund, like his father, was a Lancastrian supporter and was exiled when the the Yorkist Edward IV took control of the country in 1461. Edmund proclaimed himself the Duke of Somerset when his brother died in 1461 but was never formally granted the title. Returning to England in 1471 to assist Margaret, King Henry VI's queen, Edmund found Lancastrian supporters to help but was defeated at the battle of Tewkesbury in May of 1471. He was executed several days later. | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Beaufort, Edmund (2nd Duke of Somerset) |
| Born: Died: 22 May 1455 | Edmund Beaufort was a Lancastrian supporter of King Henry VI of England. Beaufort's early military career was a great success, relieving Calias and capturing Harfleur from the French. But failing to prevent the the loss of Anjou, Maine and Normandy to the French his career ended badly. Back in England Beaufort's popularity was low and it was only the support of the King that kept him safe. When King Henry had to relinquish power because of his mental health Edmund Beaufort was locked in the Tower of London. When the King regained power Beaufort was released from the Tower. He supported the King until being killed at the Battle of St. Albans on 22 May, 1455. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Edmund Beaufort (2nd Duke of Somerset) ( - d.1455)| Beaufort, Henry (3rd Duke of Somerset) |
| Born: Died: 1464 | Son of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset who was killed at the Battle of St. Albans in 1455. Henry Beaufort died in 1464. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Beaufort, Henry (Bishop of Winchester) |
| Born: Died: 1447 | Henry Beaufort was the second son of John of Gaunt and Catherine Swynford. In 1404 Henry became the Bishop of Winchester after the death of the previous bishop William of Wykeham and under King Henry IV, his half-brother, Beaufort became the chancellor of England. When Henry VI became King of England in 1422 at the age was ten Henry Beaufort along with the young king's uncles, John Duke of Bedford and Humphrey Duke of Gloucester were declared his protectors. In 1426 Henry Beaufort was nominated as cardinal-priest of St. Eusebius. he was then chosen as Papal Legate, a personal representative of the Pope and travelled to Germany where he preached for the war against the Hussites (need more information on this). Henry Beaufort returned to England in around 1430 and became an opponent of the Duke of Gloucester who had begun to run the country for his own ends. Henry died in 1447 and is buried in Winchester Cathedral. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Beaufort, Henry (Duke of Somerset) |
| Born: Died: 1418 | Son of John, Earl of Somerset. | |||||||||||||||
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| Beaufort, Lady Margaret |
| Born: 1443 Died: 1509 | Lady Margaret Beaufort married Edmund Tudor, the earl of Richmond. Their son became Henry VII the first Tudor king. After Edmund Tudor died in 1456 Margaret married Sir Henry Stafford and later Thomas, Lord Stanley. | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Beaufort, Thomas (Duke of Exeter) |
| Born: Died: 1426 | Thomas Beaufort was the son of John of Gaunt and Catherine Swynford. | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Becket, Thomas (St) |
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| Benedict (XII, Pope) |
| Born: Died: 1342 | Pope from 1334 to 1342. Benedict was a French Cistercian monk from Foix. The main concern of his time in office was to stop the Hundred Years War that had started during his reign. | |||||||||
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| Berengaria (of Navarre, Queen of England) |
| Berengaria, the daughter of the King of Navarre, married King Richard I of England on 12th of May 1191 on Cyprus in the chapel of St George at Limassol. Berengaria had been travelling to the Holy Land as part of the crusade when her ship was forced to take refuge on the island of Cyprus in a storm. The island's ruler Issac Comnenus refused to help the crusaders and when Richard landed on Cyprus to find his bride-to-be a fight broke out and Richard attacked and defeated the Cypriot army. | |||||||||||||||
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| Bernard (of Clairvaux) |
| Son of Tescelin Sorrel, and Aleth, the daughter of the Lord of Montbard, Bernard was born near Dijon in the castle of Fontaines. Learning Latin as an early age, Bernard and his five brothers and one sister were very well educated. Bernard was taught at Chatillon-on-the-Seine, where he proved to have intelligence and a strong religious nature. At the age of around nineteen, he left his schooling and was confused as to his next direction. After praying for guidance, his doubts were gone and he left to join the Benedictine monastery at Citeaux, which had been founded fifteen years before by Robert of Molesme, Alberic, and Stephen Harding. Bernard's eloquence was such that he persuaded his uncle, Gaudry, and several of his younger brothers to join him, along with thirty-one Burgundian nobles as well. The youngest brother, Nivard, too young to join the order was left behind. At Easter of 1112, Bernard reaches the monastery at Citeaux where the abbot Stephen Harding welcomes them as there had not been any new recruits for several years. For three years Bernard helps in the duties of land clearing, converting swamps into fertile land. Stephen then founds two more monasteries at La Ferte in 1113 and Pontigny in 1114. When the Count of Troyes presents a site, Bernard is given the opportunity to be an abbot and with the help of his own brothers and other monks builds a dwelling in Champagne in the valley of Wormwood. After some hardship and lack of food, due to Bernard's strictness with his monks, Bernard became less strict and made sure than food way available. His fame spread and many more monks joined him. The monastery became known as Clairvaux. In 1118, Bernard becomes ill and is given the rest and diet required for a full recovery by William of Champeaux, who recognised in Bernard, a leader for the future. Under his leadership, the Cistercian order was restored to a new importance. Seven abbeys in 1118 became 328 abbeys by 1152. In 1121, Bernard starts performing miracles. The first was to restore the speech to a relative called Josbert de la Ferte who had been stuck dumb. He also cured the ill by making the sign of the cross over them and at the church of Foigny, he rid the church from a plague of flies by simple pronouncing an excommunication on them at which they all died. He began to teach at the Universities of Paris, and his students were so impressed by him, some of them joined him at Clairvaux. A group of German knights, meeting Bernard as Clairvaux were also so impressed that they too decided to become monks even though their former interests were fighting and tournaments. He challenged Peter Abelard and considered the excesses of Abbot Suger of St Denis Paris over the top. His support of the Knights Templars was almost a guarantee of their success. Bernard was a knight by birth and was trusted enough for Abbot Suger to consider entrusting an army to him on the Crusades. Many believe that Bernard was Galahad. Bernard was the driving force behind the Council of Troyes that provided the Knights Templars with its first Rule, the Latin Rule. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Bigod, Hugh |
| Earl of Norfolk. Leader of a baronial rebellion against Henry II between 1173 and 74. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Blanche (of Lancaster) |
| Born: Died: 1369 | Blanche of Lancaster married John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and was the mother of Henry IV. | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Bohemund (I, Prince of Antioch 1099-1111) |
| Bohemund (or Bohemond) of Taranto was a leader of a Norman army from southern Italy and Sicily who joined the First Crusade along with his nephew Tancred. He became Bohemund I, Prince of Antioch in 1099 after Antioch had fallen to the Crusaders. His actions went against an oath he had taken promising to hand over captured lands to Alexius of Byzantine. Bohemond was captured by Muslims in 1100 but was freed in 1103 to return to Europe where he married the daughter of Philip I of France. | ||||||||||
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| Boleyn, Anne |
| Born: Died: 19 May 1536 | Anne was the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn. Her elder sister Mary had become the mistress of Henry VIII. Henry's attentions turned to Anne but she was not happy to be just his mistress, she wanted to be his wife. Henry was still married to Catherine of Aragon but their marriage had broken down because Catherine could not provide the King with a male heir. Henry wanted the Pope to declare that the marriage to Catherine was invalid, mainly because Catherine had been married to his late brother and in the Bible this was seen as a sin. Henry and Anne were married in January of 1533. Anne gave birth to their first child in September of the same year. The child, called Elizabeth, was a girl much to Henry's dismay but the child was healthy and Henry felt sure that Anne would give him the son he needed. Anne then had a series of stillborn births and finally she had a premature birth in January of 1536 when she was informed that Henry had fallen from his horse and was seriously injured. Henry lost interest in Anne and looked for a way to end the marriage. Anne was accused of adultery and was executed for treason. Elizabeth, her daughter, would later become Elizabeth I, Queen of England. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Brandon, Charles (Duke of Suffolk) |
| Born: 1485 Died: 1545 | Charles was a friend of Henry VIII who ran off with Henry's younger sister Mary after Mary's arranged marriage with Louis XII ended when Louis died in 1515. Charles and Mary were secretly married. They were both caught and forced to pay a fine. One of Charles and Mary's descendants was Lady Jane Grey. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Braose, William de |
| William de Braose (Briouze) was a Norman baron who inherited the area of Becknock in Wales. He dealt with the Welsh chieftains extremely badly. In 1173 the Welsh chietfain Sitsyllt ap Dwfnwal captured Abergavenny castle but quickly returned it to the king's possession. In return de Broase invited the chieftain to an evening of entertainment but instead captured and killed him and those he had brought with him. William then captured the chieftain's castle, taking his wife and killed his son. Again in 1196, when another chieftain was invited to peace talks, de Broase arrested and murdered him. William was a supporter of King John until 1210 when something happened and he had to flee from England to Ireland. John took the opportunity to visit Ireland looking for William and recieve homage from the Irish Chieftains. William de Broase escaped but his wife and son were captured. John had the woman and boy transported to Windsor Castle where they were put in a dungeon and starved to death. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Bruce, Edward |
| Brother of Robert Bruce, King of Scotland. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Bruce, Robert (Earl of Carrick) |
| Born: Died: 1304 | Details | ||||||
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| Bruce, Robert (the Bruce, I, King of the Scots 1306-1329) |
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| Burgh, Hubert de |
| When William Marshal died in 1219 Hubert de Burgh took control of the country as Henry III was still too young to rule. de Burgh drove the foreign mercenaries, who had supported king John, out of the country. He regained important castles for the king (which ??) and dealt with the rebelious barons. He was driven from his position in 1232 by the Bishop of Winchester. de Burgh controlled three castles in South Wales, Grosmont, Skenfrith and White Castle. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Selection of references used:
1. Edward Burman,The Templars, Knights of God,
2. John Julius Norwich,A History of Venice,
3. T. Wise,The Wars of the Crusades,
4. John J. Robinson,Born in Blood,
5. J.D. Mackie,A History of Scotland,1978
6. John Harvey,The Black Prince and his age,
7. Hubert Cole,The Black Prince,1976
8. Susan Ross,The Castles of Scotland,
9. J R Lander,The War of the Roses,
10. Byran Bevan,Henry VII: The First Tudor King,
11. Neville Williams,Henry VII,
12. T.F. Tout,The History of England,
13. John Gillingham,The Life and Times of Richard I,1974
14. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux Abbot,
15. Micheal Baigent, Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln,The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail,
16. Colin Platt,Medieval England,
17. Mike Salter,Castles and Moated Castles of Warwickshire,
18. Timbs & Gunn,Abbeys, Castles & Ancient Halls of England & Wales,
19. Caroline Bingham,The Life and Times of Edward II,
20. G.A.Cambell,The Knights Templar. Their rise and fall,
21. Sidney Toy,Catles. Their Construction and History,1985
22. John Kinross,Discovering Castles in England and Wales,
23. H.W.C.Davis,England under the Normans and Angevins,1949
24. M.T.Clanchy,England and its Rulers,
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