TimeRef - History Timelines - Medieval People Starting With C

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Cabot, John

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Born: 1450
Died:

John Cabot and his sons were explorers who sailed the oceans in search of new lands. Cabot was born in around 1450 in Genoa and later moved to England in around 1490 after spending time in Venice. Henry VII granted John, his sons and descendants the power to sail under the English flag on their voyages of discovery and to conquer any new lands they found. Cabot was asked to find a route via the west to open up trade-routes with the far east. Venice had monopolies with existing routes through the Mediterranean. It was hoped that by sailing west from Europe they would find the east coast of Asia. Instead they found the American continent.

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1496	Mar 5	Henry VII and John Cabot
		Henry VII granted John Cabot, his sons and heirs the power to explore unknown areas under the English flag. They were allowed to conquer these new lands. Although the Cabots had to fund the explorations themselves they only had to pay the Crown only one fifth of the money they made by selling the goods they found.
1497	May 2	John Cabot sets sail for Asia
		Under the English flag, John Cabot left Bristol on his voyage of exploration across the Atlantic to find a route to Asia and to open new trade routes.
	Jun	Cabot discovers Newfoundland
		Expecting to find the east coast of Asia Cabot and his fleet of explorers landed on what we now know as Newfoundland or Nova Scotia.
	Aug 6	Cabot returns from voyage
		John Cabot returned to Bristol after his voyage of discovery.
1498	May	Cabot disappears on voyage
		Cabot and a fleet of five ships sailed for America but were not heard from again.

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CANUTE (King of England 1016-1035)

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Capet, Hugh (King of France 987-996)

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Born:
Died: Aug 996

Son of Hugh the Great (Duke of Normandy), Hugh Capet was crowned king of France on 3 July 987. His election to the position was initiated by the death of King Lothair in March 987. Lothair's son Louis became King, but died in a riding accident shortly afterwards. Hugh Capet was the most powerful lord at the time and had advised the young king. Another contender to the throne was Lothair's brother, Charles of Lorraine, but no-one supported his claim to the throne.

Hugh had originally wanted to become a lay abbot, and in March 980 moved the relics of St. Valery to Amiens Cathedral. He also had a dream that he would become king and that his descendants would rule for seven generations which they did.

Once on the throne Capet strengthened his position by declaring his son Robert 'king designate', and chosing the daughter of the King of Italy as his bride. Capet had problems with Charles of Lorraine during the early part of his reign who contested his defeat. This was until 992 when Charles died in prison, possibly poisoned. Hugh died in August 996 from smallpox and was buried in the basilica of St. Denis.

Family Tree Details
Hugh Capet (King of France 987-996) ( - d.996)
+Adelaide (of Poitou, Princess of Aquitaine) =Robert (The Pious, King of France 996-1031) ( - d.1031) +Susanna (Princess of Italy) +Bertha (of Burgundy) +Constance (of Toulouse / Arles) =Hugh (son of Robert II) =Henry (I, King of France 1031-1060) ( - d.1060) | +Anne (of Kiev) | =Hugh Magnus | =Philippe (I, King of France 1060-1108) ( - d.1108) =Robert (Duke of Burgundy)
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Robert (The Pious, King of France 996-1031)

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987	Jul 3	Hugh Capet becomes King of France
		Hugh Capet, elected by his peers became King of France, and was crowned at Noyon.
996	Aug	Capet Dies and Robert II becomes King of France
		Hugh Capet, King of France died of smallpox.

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Catherine (of Aragon)

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Catherine of Aragon is well known as the first of Henry VIII's six wives but she was first married to Henry's elder brother Arthur. The marriage between Catherine and Arthur was arranged by Arthur's father Henry VII, King of England as part of a campaign of securing peace in Europe. As the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Aragon, the marriage would secure trust between the two countries. Catherine arrived in England in 1501 and in the November was married to Arthur then heir to the English throne. Within months Arthur had fallen ill and died. Arrangements were then made to marry Catherine and Henry, now heir to the English throne. Henry and Catherine were married at Greenwich in 1509 a month before they were both crowned at Westminster Abbey. Catherine was five years older than Henry. She gave birth to a baby boy in January of 1511, but unfortunately the child died a few weeks later. Catherine had several more babies but all died in infancy until Mary was born in February of 1516. Mary was healthy and Henry now had an heir to the throne but he really wanted a son. Henry began to believe that the marriage to Catherine was wrong because she was his late brother's wife and this was why they were not having the son that Henry needed. Henry needed the marriage to be declared invalid so he could marry again.

Family Tree Details
Father: Ferdinand (II, King of Aragon 1479-1516) ( - d.1516)
Mother: Isabella (of Castile, Wife of Ferdinand II)
Catherine (of Aragon)
+Arthur (Son of Henry VII) (b.1486 - d.1502) +HENRY (VIII, King of England 1509-1547) (b.1491 - d.1547) =Mary (I, Queen of England 1553-1558, Bloody Mary) (b.1516 - d.1558) +Philip (II, King of Spain) (b.1527 - d.1598)
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1485	Dec 15	Birth of Catherine of Aragon
Early Modern Period (1500-1800) - Under Construction
1501	Oct 2	Catherine of Aragon arrives
	Nov 14	Prince Arthur marries Catherine of Aragon
1502	Jan	Prince Arthur moves to Ludlow
1503	Jun 23	Henry and Catherine's marriage arranged
1505		Papal dispensation
1509	Jun 11	Henry marries Catherine of Aragon
1511	Jan 1	Birth of Henry's first son
1516	Feb 18	Birth of Mary
1527		Henry VIII meets Anne Boleyn
	May	Wolsey sets up secret court
	Jun 22	Henry VIII declares his marriage invalid
1533	Spring	Act of Succession
	May 23	Marriage to Catherine of Aragon declared illegal
1536	Jan	Death of Catherine of Aragon

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Catherine (of France)

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Born:
Died: 3 Jan 1438

Wife of Henry V, king of England and also Owen Tudor. For more information see Owen Tudor.

Family Tree Details
Father: Charles (VI, King of France 1380-1422) (b.1338 - d.1422)
Mother: Isabella (of Bavaria)
Catherine (of France) ( - d.1438)
+Henry (V, King of England 1413-1422) (b.1387 - d.1422) | =Henry (VI, King of England 1422-1461, 1470-1471) (b.1421 - d.1471) | +Margaret (of Anjou) (b.1429 - d.1482) | =Edward (Prince of Wales) (b.1453 - d.1471) +Owen Tudor (b.1400 - d.1461) =Edmund Tudor (Earl of Richmond) ( - d.1456) | +Margaret Beaufort (b.1443 - d.1509) | =Henry (VII, King of England 1485-1509) (b.1457 - d.1509) | +Elizabeth (of York) ( - d.1503) | =Arthur (Son of Henry VII) (b.1486 - d.1502) | =Margaret (Daughter of Henry VII) (b.1489 - d.1541) | =HENRY (VIII, King of England 1509-1547) (b.1491 - d.1547) | =Mary (Daughter of Henry VII) (b.1495 - d.1533) =Jasper Tudor (Earl of Pembroke) ( - d.1496)
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1420	Jun 2	Henry marries
		The marriage of Henry and Catherine the daughter of Charles VI king of France sealed the Treaty of Troyes.
1421	Feb 23	Queen Catherine crowned
		Queen Catherine was crowned at Westminster Abbey.
	Dec 6	Birth of Henry (VI)
		Prince Henry (later Henry VI) was born at Windsor.
1429		Marriage of Owen Tudor and Catherine of France
		It is believed that Owen Tudor and Catherine were secretly married in this year or just before.
1437	Jan 3	Catherine of France dies
		Catherine died in this year after retiring to Bermondsey Abbey. Some reports say she died whilst giving birth, but this is probably wrong.
	Qtr 2	Owen Tudor is captured
		After the death of Catherine of France Owen Tudor was summonsed by Henry VI. Owen was unsure of Henry's motives and wanted some guarantee that he would be able to leave unharmed. That guarantee was given and Owen went to London. Still cautious, Owen used the safety of Westminster to investigate the King's reasons for his summons and when he was relatively happy visited the King. Owen was charged with certain crimes but was cleared and allowed to leave. On his return to Wales Owen was arrested and imprisoned in Newgate gaol.

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Caxton, William

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Caxton printed the first book in England in 1477.

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Woodville, Anthony (Earl Rivers)

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1477		Caxton prints the first book in England
		William Caxton set up a printing press near Westminster and printed the first book in England. It was called 'The Dictes and Sayenges of the Phylosophers' and was a translation by Earl Rivers, the Queens brother.

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Cecily (Daughter of Edward IV)

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Born: 1469
Died: 1507

Daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville. In 1473 Cecily was betrothed to James the son of James III, King of Scotland in return for peace on the border between England and Scotland. Cecily was only four at the time and the arrangement would have to wait until both she and James were old enough to marry.

Family Tree Details
Father: EDWARD (IV, Earl of March and King of England 1461-1470, 1471-1483) (b.1442 - d.1483)
Mother: Woodville, Elizabeth
Cecily (Daughter of Edward IV) (b.1469 - d.1507)
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1473 Oct Marriage agreement between England and Scotland
James III of Scotland agreed that his new born son, James, should marry Edward IV's daughter Cecily. Cecily was only four and the agreement stated that the marriage should wait until both were old enough. Also, if either died before that time, a substitute would be found. This agreement brought peace between Scotland and England until October 1519.

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Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

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Born: 742
Died: 814

Charlemagne was born in 742 or 747. He was the son of Pipin the Short, ruler of the Franks, who died in 768. Charlemagne had a brother, Karloman, and when Pipin died tradition was followed and the lands he had controlled were divided between the two brothers. Conflicts between the two brothers were serious but the conflicts came to and end in 771 when Karloman died and his lands passed into Charlemagne's possession.

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768	Oct 9	Charlemagne becomes King
		After the death of his father, Pipin, Charlemagne was given the title King of the Franks at Noyon. He jointly held the position with his brother Karloman who was crowned on the same day.
800	Dec 25	Charlemagne becomes Emperor
		Charlemagne was acclaimed as Roman Emperor in St Peter's in Rome by Pope Leo III.
814	Jan 28	Charlemagne dies
		Charlemagne lived into his early seventies but after an illness he died and was buried in the basilica that he had built in Aachen. Charlemagne was succeeded by Louis the Pious who was the only surviving legitimate son.

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Charles (Count of Valois, Anjou and Maine)

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Son of Philippe III, king of France.

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Father: Philippe (III, King of France 1270-1285) ( - d.1285)
Mother: Isabella (of Aragon)
Charles (Count of Valois, Anjou and Maine)
+Margaret (of Anjou, m. Charles Valois) =Philippe (VI, King of France 1328-1350) ( - d.1350) +Joan (of Burgundy) =John (II, King of France 1350-1364) (b.1319 - d.1364) +Bonne (of Luxembourg) =Charles (V, King of France 1364 - 1380) (b.1338 - d.1380)
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Charles (IV, the Fair, King of France 1322-1328)

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Born:
Died: Feb 1328

Charles, the brother of the previous French king Philippe V, took the throne in preference to Philippe's daughters because of the Salic Law which stated that a woman should not succeed to the throne. Charles married Mary of Luxemburg in May of 1322 and hoped for a son. Mary died and in July of 1325 Charles married his first cousin Joan. Charles' sister was Isabella the wife of Edward II King of England. She arrived at Charles' court leaving her husband due to his homosexuality. Isabella brought along her son, the future Edward III, and had him instated as Duke of Aquitaine. With help from Roger Mortimer Isabella had her husband Edward II murdered. Charles died suddenly in February of 1328 leaving no male heir but his wife expecting a child. Before his death, Charles nominated Philippe of Valois, his first cousin as regent until the birth of the child, hopefully a son. The child was a girl and so Philippe became King.

Family Tree Details
Father: Philippe (IV, The Fair, King of France 1285-1314) ( - d.1314)
Mother: Joan (of Champagne)
Charles (IV, the Fair, King of France 1322-1328) ( - d.1328)
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1322		Charles IV becomes King of France
		Charles succeeds his brother Philippe as King of France.
1325	Mar	Isabella leaves for France
		Isabella travelled to France to see King Charles IV her brother. Her mission was to bring to an end the disputes over land between France and England. The King agreed to the English reclaiming the lands of Gascony and Ponthieu as long as Edward came to Paris and paid homage. In Paris Isabella met Roger Mortimer who had recently escaped from the Tower of London. She fell in love with him.
	Sep 21	Prince Edward is captured
		Prince Edward met Charles IV and paid him homage. The French king gave the Prince the title of Duke of Aquitaine and informed the English King that the French were going to retain the Agenais, an area of southwest France. Prince Edward had effectively been captured and his mother, Isabella the English Queen, had begun the plans of removing her husband from the throne of England.
	Nov	Edward commands Isabella to return
		At a Parliament called to discuss the situation in France, it was decided to send a petition to Isabella for her return to England. She refused. In France, her brother the King had become annoyed with Isabella's conduct. Isabella left France and went to the court of William II, Count of Hainault who assisted her with preparations to invade England. A promise was made to marry Prince Edward, now Duke of Aquitaine to William's daughter Philippa.
1328	Feb 1	Charles IV of France Dies, followed by Philippe VI
		After the death of Charles IV the next rightful claimant to the French throne was not clear-cut as there was no male heir. Isabella, the sister of Charles, had married Edward II and their son Edward III had just taken on the rule of England. Isabella put in a claim for her son but in France the first cousin of Charles was chosen. He was Philippe of Valois the grandson of Philippe III of France.

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Charles (The Rash, Ruler of Burgundy)

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Charles became the ruler and Duke of Bugundy after the death of Philippe the Good, Duke of Burgundy in 1467. He married Margaret the sister of Edward IV and Richard III. In 1470 Edward fled to Burgundy after the Earl of Warwick and the Lancastrians conspired against him. Charles remaining neutral until the king of France declared war on Burgundy. The Duke decided to assist Edward reclaim his throne.

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1470	Qtr 4	Louis declares war on Burgundy
		Edward IV had taken refuge with his brother-in-law Charles, the Duke of Burgundy. Louis of France declared war on Burgundy forcing the Duke to support Edward in his attempt to reclaim the English throne.
1471	Jan	Support for Edward IV
		Edward IV and Charles of Burgundy met at Aire where an agreement was reached on support for Edward�s return to his throne.
1475	Jul	Edward invades France
		Edward's plans to unseat the King of France led to his invasion of France with a force of 10,000 men. He had been promised assistance from the Dukes of Brittany and Burgundy, and the King of Aragon. Unfortunately the Burgundian army did not turn up due to another conflict and Edward was left without sufficient men to proceed.

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Charles (V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519-58) and I, King of Spain (1516-56))

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Born: 1500
Died: 1558

More information to follow.

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HENRY (VIII, King of England 1509-1547)

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Early Modern Period (1500-1800) - Under Construction
1518	Oct	Treaty of London (Universal Peace)
		A treaty was signed in London between the major European countries, England, France, Burgundy and many more. For Cardinal Wolsey this treaty was a plan to produce a peaceful Europe. The treaty stated that the countries must not attack one another and if they did the other countries would come to the aid of those being attacked. Within the treaty was the agreement that Henry's 2 year old daughter Mary would marry the French dauphin.
1521	Nov	Treaty of Bruges
		This treaty was conducted in secrecy at Bruges between Charles V and Thomas Wolsey. In the terms of the treaty Wolsey promised Charles that Henry VIII would join him in a joint campaign against France and Francis I. The meeting was held in secret because England was supposed to be a mediator in the dispute between Charles and Francis. The joint attacks of France would have to wait until March or May of 1523.

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Charles (V, King of France 1364 - 1380)

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Born: Jan 1338
Died: Sep 1380

A member of the house of Valois, Charles was the king of France from 1364 until 1380.

Family Tree Details
Father: John (II, King of France 1350-1364) (b.1319 - d.1364)
Mother: Bonne (of Luxembourg)
Charles (V, King of France 1364 - 1380) (b.1338 - d.1380)
+Joan (of Bourbon) =Charles (VI, King of France 1380-1422) (b.1338 - d.1422) +Isabella (of Bavaria) =Charles (VII, King of France 1422-1461) (b.1403 - d.1461) =Catherine (of France) ( - d.1438) +Henry (V, King of England 1413-1422) (b.1387 - d.1422) | =Henry (VI, King of England 1422-1461, 1470-1471) (b.1421 - d.1471) +Owen Tudor (b.1400 - d.1461) =Edmund Tudor (Earl of Richmond) ( - d.1456) =Jasper Tudor (Earl of Pembroke) ( - d.1496)
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1360	May	Treaty of Bretigny
		The treaty of Bretigny brought a period of peace for nine years during the Hundred Years War. The treaty was arranged between the Black Prince and the dauphin (later Charles V of France) before being approved by Edward III of England and King John of France. As part of the treaty Edward was given control of the areas of Gascony, Calais and Ponthieu as long as he agreed to give up his claim for the French throne. King John, currently being held hostage in England, was to be released on condition of a payment of 3 million gold crowns to by paid in instalments.
1364		Charles V becomes King of France
		Charles became king of France after the death of his father John and was crowned at Rheims Cathedral.
1380		Death of Charles V and accession of Charles VI
		Charles V, King of France, died and was succeeded by his son Charles as King Charles VI, of France.

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Charles (VI, King of France 1380-1422)

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Born: 1338
Died: 1422

Also known as 'the Mad' or 'the Fool', Charles was King of France from 1380 until 1422. He suffered from bouts of madness during his life.

Family Tree Details
Father: Charles (V, King of France 1364 - 1380) (b.1338 - d.1380)
Mother: Joan (of Bourbon)
Charles (VI, King of France 1380-1422) (b.1338 - d.1422)
+Isabella (of Bavaria) =Charles (VII, King of France 1422-1461) (b.1403 - d.1461) =Catherine (of France) ( - d.1438) +Henry (V, King of England 1413-1422) (b.1387 - d.1422) | =Henry (VI, King of England 1422-1461, 1470-1471) (b.1421 - d.1471) | +Margaret (of Anjou) (b.1429 - d.1482) | =Edward (Prince of Wales) (b.1453 - d.1471) +Owen Tudor (b.1400 - d.1461) =Edmund Tudor (Earl of Richmond) ( - d.1456) | +Margaret Beaufort (b.1443 - d.1509) | =Henry (VII, King of England 1485-1509) (b.1457 - d.1509) =Jasper Tudor (Earl of Pembroke) ( - d.1496)
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1380		Death of Charles V and accession of Charles VI
		Charles V, King of France, died and was succeeded by his son Charles as King Charles VI, of France.
1414	Summer	Henry claims French territories
		France was in the midst of a civil war between the Burgundians and the Armagnacs. Charles VI, the king of France, had joined the Armagnacs. Henry came in on the side of the Burgundians and saw the opportunity to reclaim lost lands in France. Henry's plan was to invade France but he needed a good reason. He gave the French king a list of demands including the French throne, the restoration of the Angevin empire and the hand of the king's daughter in marriage. If the demands could not be met Henry could go to war.
1420	May 21	Treaty of Troyes
		Henry V pledged to recover all the lands of the dauphin Charles and (24.5) Henry recognised as heir to the French throne.
	Jun 2	Henry marries
		The marriage of Henry and Catherine the daughter of Charles VI king of France sealed the Treaty of Troyes.
1422	Oct 21	Charles VI of France dies
		Charles VI of France died and was buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. Henry VI of England was proclaimed king of France and John Duke of Bedford was appointed regent.

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Charles (VII, King of France 1422-1461)

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Born: 1403
Died: 1461

Charles was the son of Charles VI. He became king of France in 1422 when his father died but was not crowned until 1429, seven years later. Charles owed his crown to Joan of Arc who insisted she had been told by God that he was the true heir to the French throne. With Joan's leadership and inspiration the French won several key battles that led to Charles being crowned at Rhiems, the traditional site of French coronations.

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Father: Charles (VI, King of France 1380-1422) (b.1338 - d.1422)
Mother: Isabella (of Bavaria)
Charles (VII, King of France 1422-1461) (b.1403 - d.1461)
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1428	Oct 12	Siege of Orl�ans
		The Duke of Bedford led an English army to surround the French town of Orl�ans and to begin the siege. Orl�ans was chosen because it was the most important city still under the control of Charles VII. The city was well prepared for the siege and even though the there were a small number of French soldiers in the city the defences held. The Earl of Salisbury was killed when he was hit by debris of an exploding cannonball. The siege continued into the harsh winter.
1429	Feb 23	Joan begins her mission
		Joan left Vaucouleurs dressed as a man and with an escort of attendants. They headed for Chinon where Charles VII was staying. They reached Chinon in early March.
	Mar	Joan visits Charles VII
		Joan was granted an audience with the dauphin at Vaucouleurs. At the meeting Charles had disguised himself as a servant and had a servant dress as himself. Joan was not fooled and picked the king out. Charles was impressed when Joan told him that God had told her that he was the true heir.
	Jul 17	Charles VII crowned at Rheims
		Joan of Arc and the dauphin entered Rhiems. Charles was crowned in the Cathedral and became King of France.
	Sep 8	Joan fails to take Paris
		The French fail to retake Paris that had been captured by the English. Joan was slightly injured during the fighting.
1435	Sep 21	Treaty of Arras
		The English lost the support of the Duke of Burgundy against Charles VII with the signing of the Treaty of Arras where the Duke recognised Charles as the true King of France.
1436	Apr 13	The French retake Paris
		The long occupation of Paris by the English was ended when the French rescued the city.
1444	Apr	Treaty of Tours
		A peace treaty signed between Henry VI of England and Charles VII of France. The treaty resulted in five years of peace between the two countries and included the arrangement of marriage between Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou.
1449	Mar	Fougeres captured by the English
		Several years after the Treaty of Arras, after which the conflict between England and France had subdued, an English force attacked and took over the town of Fougeres in Brittany. This sparked the resumption of the war between the two countries.
1461	Jul 22	Death of Charles VII
		Charles VII died in July of 1461 after a long illness resulting in an abscess in his mouth that meant he could not eat or drink. Louis, his on, had refused to see his dying father, but as soon as he learnt of the King's death Louis headed to Rheims and Paris to claim the French throne.

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Charles (VIII, King of France 1483-1498)

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Charles was the son of Louis XI, the King of France. Charles became King of France at the age of 13 when his father died, but did not take control of the country straight away. Charles was in poor health and had not been given a good education. On his death-bed Louis had specified that his eldest daughter, Anne, should act a regent for the country until Charles was fit to reign.

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1483	Aug 30	Death of Louis XI
		Louis XI had suffered from a series of strokes that had left him partially paralysed since 1480 and a further stroke in August of 1483 was the final one. He died a few days later. Louis had two daughters and a son. Before his death, Louis had declared that Charles, his son, should be the next King of France but because Charles was in poor health and had been given a poor education Louis specified that Anne, his eldest daughter, should act a regent until Charles was able to rule unaided.
1492	Nov 3	Treaty of Etaples
		The peace treaty signed by Charles VIII and Henry VII. Charles agreed not to support Perkin Warbeck and Henry agreed not pursue his claim to the French throne. Charles also had to pay Henry a large sum of money to be paid over several years.
1495	Feb	Charles crowned King of Naples
		In 1494 Charles VIII of France had taken an army into Italy to claim the throne of Naples which he believed was his right to have. As his army met no resistance he entered Naples and had himself crowned King.
1498	Apr 7	Death of Charles VIII of France
		Charles VIII of France died due to complications occurred after banging his head on a low doorway as he walked through a dimly lit Amboise Castle. He was succeeded by Louis XII.

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Charnay, Geoffrey de

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One of the leaders of the Knights Templar at the time of the order's arrest in 1307.

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Chaucer, Geoffrey

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Born: 1340
Died: 1400

Canterbury Tales.

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1387		The Canterbury Tales
		Geoffrey Chaucer begins the Canterbury Tales.
1400	Oct 25	Death of Geoffrey Chaucer.
		Geoffrey Chaucer died.

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Clare, Richard fitzGilbert de (Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke)

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Born:
Died: 1176

Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, is also known as 'Strongbow'. In around 1168 the Earl was approached by the Irish King Dermot of Leinster who had been forced to flee to England by a rival Rory O'Connor. Dermot wanted help to regain his lands in Ireland and offered to let Richard marry his daughter and to rule Leinster after his death. Richard invaded Ireland and took back Leinster and captured Dublin. Richard's father Gilbert had been granted the castle at Chepstow and when Richard died the castle passed into the hands of his only daughter Isabel. Isabel married William Marshal who then took ownership of the castle.

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1166		Dermot exiled from Ireland
		Dermot, the King of Leinster in eastern Ireland, was defeated in battle by Tighernan O Ruairc, another ruler in the region. Dermot was exiled and went to Normandy and the court of Henry II of England to ask for assistance in retaking his lands. Henry gave Dermot permission to find a willing army from either England or Wales and so Dermot approached Richard de Clare, the Earl of Pembroke who agreed to help in return for several demands. These demands were Dermot's daughter's hand in marriage and to rule Leinster after Dermot died.
1169	May	Dermot retakes Leinster
		Some the men promised to assist Dermot in Ireland landed at Bannow with the sons of Nesta. The poorly protected Irish warriors were no match for the armoured knights and archers that arrived from Wales. By the end of the year Leinster fell and Dermot once again became the King. After his victory Dermot was not satisfied with just ruling Leinster but wanted to become High King of Ireland. To fulfil his ambitions he had to wait for the arrival of Strongbow, the Earl of Pembroke, for that to be a possibility.
1170	May	Raymond de Gros lands in Ireland
		Raymond de Gros arrived in Ireland in support of Dermot a few months ahead of Strongbow. He landed at Waterford and constructed a fort in which he and his men prepared for the arrival of the Earl.
	Aug	Ireland attacked by Earl of Pembroke
		Richard de Clare, the Earl of Pembroke, invaded Ireland with 200 knights in armour and up to a 1,000 foot-soldiers capturing Waterford easily and then Dublin on behalf of Dermot, the King of Leinster.
	Winter	The Earl at Dublin
		After letting the population of Dublin leave, the Earl of Pembroke and his men spent the Winter in the city.
1171	Spring	Death of Dermot, King of Leinster
		The agreement between the Earl of Pembroke and Dermot, the King of Leinster, was that if the Earl helped the King retake Leinster the Earl would become the ruler of Leinster when Dermot died. When the king died in the spring of 1171 the agreement fell apart due to the lack of support from Dermot's tribesmen. The tribesmen elected a nephew of Dermot's as the new king instead.
	Jul	Henry plans invasion of Ireland
		King Henry II had become concerned that Strongbow was building a strong base in Ireland, strong enough to become an independent state separate from England. Henry planned to take an army to Ireland to deal with Strongbow but Strongbow travelled to England and in September met Henry and promised his loyalty to the King.
	Oct 17	Henry lands at Waterford in Ireland
		Henry II travelled to Ireland to receive the homage of the Irish leaders. Traders were invited to Dublin where a colony of English was set up. Henry stayed in Ireland over the winter months returning to England in the spring of 1172.
1176	Summer	Death of Stongbow in Ireland
		Richard 'Strongbow' fitzGilbert de Clare, Earl of Pembroke died in Ireland.

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Clifford, Rosamond

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Born:
Died: 1176

Henry II's mistress. Rosamond was the daughter of a Welsh baron. Henry's wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine was imprisoned in 1173 and it may have been at this time that the affair between Henry and Rosamond began. Rosamond died in 1176, possibly posioned by Eleanor who had located her secret hide-away at Woodstock. Rosamond was buried at Godstow nunnery where Henry had a shrine built above her tomb.

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Columbus, Christopher

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Born: 1451
Died: May 1506

The explorer who discovered America.

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Episode: The Great Explorers

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1492	Aug 3	Columbus sets sail
		With three ships, the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria, Columbus set sail across the Atlantic in search of a route to the Far East.
	Oct 12	Christopher Columbus 'discovers' America
		Christopher Columbus landed on what he thought was the east coast of Asia believing that there was no land between it and Europe but he had landed in the Caribbean and had discovered the 'Americas'.
	Dec	Columbus lands at Santo Domingo
		Christopher Columbus landed at Santo Domingo on the island now known as Haiti and Hispaniola which is part of the Dominican Republic.
1493	Nov 3	Christopher Columbus discovers Dominica island
		Christopher Columbus discovered Dominica island on a Sunday. The name is Latin for the word Sunday. The island should not be confused with the Dominican Republic which is a separate part of the Caribbean.

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Comnenus, Alexius (Byzantine Emperor)

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Alexius Comnenus became emperor of Byzantium in 1081 after a palace revolution and was excommunicated by the Pope. Alexius took control of the Byzantine army that had fallen into a state of disarray.

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1081		Accession of Alexius Comnenus
		The civil wars following the battle of Manzikert led to Alexius Comnenus becoming the Eastern Emperor.
1095	Mar	The Council of Piacenza
		A delegation led by the Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus visited Pope Urban II to raise the problems he was having fighting the Muslims in the East. Pope Urban removed the excommunication that had been placed on the Emperor by Pope Gregory and promised to help.
1097	Apr	Crusaders reach Constantinople
		When the crusaders arrived at Constantinople they were greeted by Emperor Alexius. The Emperor was happy for the crusaders to capture areas of the Holy Land but he wanted the land to be under his control. Alexius persuaded the Leaders of the cruaders to swear an oath of allegiance to him and to hand over the land they captured. They could however be allowed to live on and rule that land but not own it.

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Conrad (III, Emperor of Germany)

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Born: 1093
Died: 1152

Conrad III, the Emperor of Germany from 1138, joined Louis VII during the Second Crusade.

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1146	Dec 25	Diet of Spires
		Diet of Spires; the emperor Conrad III took the cross and secured the election of his son Henry as his successor in Germany.
1148	Jun 24	Damascus attacked
		The decision was made to attack Damascus. The armies were assembled in Acre. Present were Baldwin, the Patriarch Fulcher, Kings Louis and Conrad, Archbishops of Caesarea and Nazareth, Masters of the Knights Temple and Hospital.
	Sep	Conrad III leaves the Holy Land
		Hostilities between the French and German leaders of the Second Crusade became such a problem that the German Emperor, Conrad III, abandoned the crusade and returned to Constantinople. The Second Crusade ended in failure.

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Constantine (II, King of the Scottish 900-942)

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Born:
Died: 952

Constantine was the son of Aedh. Aedh had been a ruler in Scotland and was killed by Giric, who along with Eochaid ruled Scotland from 878 to 879. Donald II defeated Giric and Eoacaid in 889 and became King. Constantine had fled Scotland but returned to claim the Scottish throne when Donald was killed in battle in 900. Constantine ruled for 43 years after which he retired to a monastery at St. Andrews. During his reign he had to contend with invasions from the Danes as well as the English. He was defeated by the English King Athelstan in 937 at Brunanburh. He died in 952.

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900		Constantine becomes ruler of Scotland
		Constantine claimed the throne of Scotland when Donald II was killed in battle.
927		Athelstan becomes overlord King
		With the death of Sihtric, the Dane's leader in the North, Athelstan then drove out his sons. This left Athelstan the master of Northumbria. His attacks on the Welsh and the submission of Constantine the King of Scotland and Owen the King of Cumberland led to him becoming overlord.
934		Athelstan invades Scotland
		Athelstan put together a large army and invaded Scotland destroying it as he advanced north.
937		Danish invasion
		The Dane Anlaff (possibly Sihtric's son), Owen of Cumberland and Constantine, King of the Scots sailed into the Humber to invade Nothumbria. Athelstan's speed at raising his army that marched north put paid to any plans of invasion and a fierce battle occurred (Brunanburgh near Beverley ?) in which many Danish kings and earls were killed.
943		Malcolm I becomes ruler of Scotland
		Constantine abdicated in 943 to retire to a monastery. Malcolm I became ruler of Scotland.

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Cranmer, Thomas (Archbishop of Canterbury)

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Thomas Cranmer was the Archbishop of Canterbury and an adviser to Henry VIII.

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Early Modern Period (1500-1800) - Under Construction
1533	May 23	Marriage to Catherine of Aragon declared illegal
		Thomas Cranmer declared that the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon was illegal and was annulled. The marriage between Henry and Anne Boleyn could then be formalised.
	May 28	Marriage to Anne Boleyn declared legal
		Thomas Cranmer declared that the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn was legal.
	Jun 1	Coronation of Anne Boleyn
		Anne Boleyn was crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer.
1536	Oct 2	Lincolnshire Rebellion
		The short rebellion that took place for a couple of weeks in October was the prelude for a much larger rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. The Lincolnshire rebellion began in response to Henry VIII's unpopular policies, including the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The Rebels also had grievances against Henry's unpopular advisers like Thomas Cranmer. The rebels consisted of both common people and land owners alike, but some land owners were forced to take part. The rebels reached Lincoln where they were assured Henry VIII would listen to their demands if they disbanded. Meanwhile Henry ordered that a army should be sent to Lincoln as kill the rebels. By the time that army, led by the Duke of Suffolk, reached Lincoln the rebels had dispersed.
	Oct 21	Pilgrimage of Grace
		Following the earlier Lincoln rebellion, a larger rebellion began further north in Yorkshire. This rebellion again protested against Henry VIII's unpopular policies and advisers. They wanted Henry to put a stop to the dissolution of the monasteries and they wanted the removal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer and Henry's adviser Thomas Cromwell. The leader of the rebellion was Robert Aske, a lawyer and excellent organiser. Somewhere between 30,000 and 35,000 rebels were involved and they took control of Pontefract Castle which fell to them without any resistance.

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Crinan (Abbot of Dunkeld)

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Married Bethoc, the daughter of Malcolm II. Their son became Duncan I, Scottish king from 1034 to 1040.

Family Tree Details
Crinan (Abbot of Dunkeld)
+Bethoc =Duncan (I, Scottish king) ( - d.1040) +Sybilla =Malcolm (III, Scottish King 1058-1093) ( - d.1093) | +Ingibjorg | | =Duncan (II, Scottish King 1094) ( - d.1094) | +Margaret (Granddaughter of Edmund Ironside) ( - d.1093) | =Edgar (King of Scotland 1097-1107) ( - d.1107) | =Alexander (I, King of Scotland 1107-1124) (b.1077 - d.1124) | =David (I, King of Scotland 1124-1153) (b.1085 - d.1153) | =Matilda Edith (of Scotland) | =Mary (Daughter of Malcolm III) =Donald (III, Scottish King 1094-1097) ( - d.1099)
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Malcolm (II, Scottish King)

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1045		Crinan killed during uprising
		Crinan, the Abbot of Dunkfeld, led an uprising against Macbeth in an attempt to put his grandson Malcolm (III) on the Scottish throne. Malcolm was living at the court of Edward the Confessor at the time. Crinian was killed and the uprising failed.

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