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| Cabot, John |
| Born: 1450 Died: | John Cabot and his sons were explorers who sailed the oceans in search of new lands. Cabot was born in around 1450 in Genoa and later moved to England in around 1490 after spending time in Venice. Henry VII granted John, his sons and descendants the power to sail under the English flag on their voyages of discovery and to conquer any new lands they found. Cabot was asked to find a route via the west to open up trade-routes with the far east. Venice had monopolies with existing routes through the Mediterranean. It was hoped that by sailing west from Europe they would find the east coast of Asia. Instead they found the American continent. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Cade, Jack |
| Born: Died: 1450 | Jack Cade claimed to be related to the Mortimer family and was the leader of a rebellion against Henry VI, part of the war of the Roses. The rebels were not happy with the way the country was being run by the King and his advisors. Cade gathered supporters from the south east of England and met the King at Blackheath in June of 1450. Cade refused to back down forcing the King to flee. Later that month Cade's army defeated a section of Henry's army at Sevenoaks and the rebels entered London. They stole from the citizens of London and killed several of Henry's advisers then made their way across London Bridge to the south shore. But when they came to cross London Bridge again they found it blocked by angry Londoners. In the fighting that followed the rebels were defeated and fled. Cade was killed in a fight in July of 1450 and the rebellion was over. | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| CANUTE (King of England 1016-1035) |
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| Capet, Hugh (King of France 987-996) |
| Born: Died: Aug 996 | Son of Hugh the Great (Duke of Normandy), Hugh Capet was crowned king of France on 3 July 987. His election to the position was initiated by the death of King Lothair in March 987. Lothair's son Louis became King, but died in a riding accident shortly afterwards. Hugh Capet was the most powerful lord at the time and had advised the young king. Another contender to the throne was Lothair's brother, Charles of Lorraine, but no-one supported his claim to the throne. Hugh had originally wanted to become a lay abbot, and in March 980 moved the relics of St. Valery to Amiens Cathedral. He also had a dream that he would become king and that his descendants would rule for seven generations which they did. Once on the throne Capet strengthened his position by declaring his son Robert 'king designate', and chosing the daughter of the King of Italy as his bride. Capet had problems with Charles of Lorraine during the early part of his reign who contested his defeat. This was until 992 when Charles died in prison, possibly poisoned. Hugh died in August 996 from smallpox and was buried in the basilica of St. Denis. | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Hugh Capet (King of France 987-996) ( - d.996)
| Catherine (of Aragon) |
| Catherine of Aragon is well known as the first of Henry VIII's six wives but she was first married to Henry's elder brother Arthur. The marriage between Catherine and Arthur was arranged by Arthur's father Henry VII, King of England as part of a campaign of securing peace in Europe. As the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Aragon, the marriage would secure trust between the two countries. Catherine arrived in England in 1501 and in the November was married to Arthur then heir to the English throne. Within months Arthur had fallen ill and died. Arrangements were then made to marry Catherine and Henry, now heir to the English throne. Henry and Catherine were married at Greenwich in 1509 a month before they were both crowned at Westminster Abbey. Catherine was five years older than Henry. She gave birth to a baby boy in January of 1511, but unfortunately the child died a few weeks later. Catherine had several more babies but all died in infancy until Mary was born in February of 1516. Mary was healthy and Henry now had an heir to the throne but he really wanted a son. Henry began to believe that the marriage to Catherine was wrong because she was his late brother's wife and this was why they were not having the son that Henry needed. Henry needed the marriage to be declared invalid so he could marry again. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Catherine (of France) |
| Born: Died: 3 Jan 1438 | Wife of Henry V, king of England and also Owen Tudor. For more information see Owen Tudor. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Caxton, William |
| Caxton printed the first book in England in 1477. | ||||||||||
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| Cecily (Daughter of Edward IV) |
| Born: 1469 Died: 1507 | Daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville. In 1473 Cecily was betrothed to James the son of James III, King of Scotland in return for peace on the border between England and Scotland. Cecily was only four at the time and the arrangement would have to wait until both she and James were old enough to marry. | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Charlemagne (Charles the Great) |
| Born: 742 Died: 814 | Charlemagne was born in 742 or 747. He was the son of Pipin the Short, ruler of the Franks, who died in 768. Charlemagne had a brother, Karloman, and when Pipin died tradition was followed and the lands he had controlled were divided between the two brothers. Conflicts between the two brothers were serious but the conflicts came to and end in 771 when Karloman died and his lands passed into Charlemagne's possession. In 800 Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of the huge empire covering what today is the area of France, Italy and parts of Germany. | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Charles (Count of Valois, Anjou and Maine) |
| Son of Philippe III, king of France. | ||||||||||||||||
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| Charles (IV, the Fair, King of France 1322-1328) |
| Born: Died: Feb 1328 | Charles, the brother of the previous French king Philippe V, took the throne in preference to Philippe's daughters because of the Salic Law which stated that a woman should not succeed to the throne. Charles married Mary of Luxemburg in May of 1322 and hoped for a son. Mary died and in July of 1325 Charles married his first cousin Joan. Charles' sister was Isabella the wife of Edward II King of England. She arrived at Charles' court leaving her husband due to his homosexuality. Isabella brought along her son, the future Edward III, and had him instated as Duke of Aquitaine. With help from Roger Mortimer Isabella had her husband Edward II murdered. Charles died suddenly in February of 1328 leaving no male heir but his wife expecting a child. Before his death, Charles nominated Philippe of Valois, his first cousin as regent until the birth of the child, hopefully a son. The child was a girl and so Philippe became King. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Charles (The Rash, Ruler of Burgundy) |
| Charles became the ruler and Duke of Bugundy after the death of Philippe the Good, Duke of Burgundy in 1467. He married Margaret the sister of Edward IV and Richard III. In 1470 Edward fled to Burgundy after the Earl of Warwick and the Lancastrians conspired against him. Charles remaining neutral until the king of France declared war on Burgundy. The Duke decided to assist Edward reclaim his throne. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Charles (V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519-58) and I, King of Spain (1516-56)) |
| Born: 1500 Died: 1558 | More information to follow. | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Charles (V, King of France 1364 - 1380) |
| Born: Jan 1338 Died: Sep 1380 | A member of the house of Valois, Charles was the king of France from 1364 until 1380. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Charles (VI, King of France 1380-1422) |
| Born: 1338 Died: 1422 | Also known as 'the Mad' or 'the Fool', Charles was King of France from 1380 until 1422. He suffered from bouts of madness during his life. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Charles (VII, King of France 1422-1461) |
| Born: 1403 Died: 1461 | Charles was the son of Charles VI. He became king of France in 1422 when his father died but was not crowned until 1429, seven years later. Charles owed his crown to Joan of Arc who insisted she had been told by God that he was the true heir to the French throne. With Joan's leadership and inspiration the French won several key battles that led to Charles being crowned at Rhiems, the traditional site of French coronations. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Charles (VIII, King of France 1483-1498) |
| Charles was the son of Louis XI, the King of France. Charles became King of France at the age of 13 when his father died, but did not take control of the country straight away. Charles was in poor health and had not been given a good education. On his death-bed Louis had specified that his eldest daughter, Anne, should act a regent for the country until Charles was fit to reign. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Charnay, Geoffrey de |
| One of the leaders of the Knights Templar at the time of the order's arrest in 1307. | |||||||
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| Chaucer, Geoffrey |
| Born: 1340 Died: 1400 | Canterbury Tales. | |||||||||||||||
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| Clare, Richard fitzGilbert de (Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke) |
| Born: Died: 1176 | Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, is also known as 'Strongbow'. In around 1168 the Earl was approached by the Irish King Dermot of Leinster who had been forced to flee to England by a rival Rory O'Connor. Dermot wanted help to regain his lands in Ireland and offered to let Richard marry his daughter and to rule Leinster after his death. Richard invaded Ireland and took back Leinster and captured Dublin. Richard's father Gilbert had been granted the castle at Chepstow and when Richard died the castle passed into the hands of his only daughter Isabel. Isabel married William Marshal who then took ownership of the castle. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Clifford, Rosamond |
| Born: Died: 1176 | Henry II's mistress. Rosamond was the daughter of a Welsh baron. Henry's wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine was imprisoned in 1173 and it may have been at this time that the affair between Henry and Rosamond began. Rosamond died in 1176, possibly posioned by Eleanor who had located her secret hide-away at Woodstock. Rosamond was buried at Godstow nunnery where Henry had a shrine built above her tomb. | ||||||
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| Clito, William |
| Born: Died: 1128 | Son of Robert II, Duke of Normandy and Sybilla of Conversano. | |||||||||||||||
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| Columbus, Christopher |
| Born: 1451 Died: May 1506 | The explorer who discovered America. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Comnenus, Alexius (Byzantine Emperor) |
| Alexius Comnenus became emperor of Byzantium in 1081 after a palace revolution and was excommunicated by the Pope. Alexius took control of the Byzantine army that had fallen into a state of disarray. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Conrad (III, Emperor of Germany) |
| Born: 1093 Died: 1152 | Conrad III, the Emperor of Germany from 1138, joined Louis VII during the Second Crusade. | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Constance (of Castle) |
| Second wife of King Louis VII, King of France. Louis and Constance were married shortly after the annulment of Louis' first marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine. | ||||||||||||
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| Constantine (II, King of the Scottish 900-942) |
| Born: Died: 952 | Constantine was the son of Aedh. Aedh had been a ruler in Scotland and was killed by Giric, who along with Eochaid ruled Scotland from 878 to 879. Donald II defeated Giric and Eoacaid in 889 and became King. Constantine had fled Scotland but returned to claim the Scottish throne when Donald was killed in battle in 900. Constantine ruled for 43 years after which he retired to a monastery at St. Andrews. During his reign he had to contend with invasions from the Danes as well as the English. He was defeated by the English King Athelstan in 937 at Brunanburh. He died in 952. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Cranmer, Thomas (Archbishop of Canterbury) |
| Thomas Cranmer was the Archbishop of Canterbury and an adviser to Henry VIII. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Crinan (Abbot of Dunkeld) |
| Married Bethoc, the daughter of Malcolm II. Their son became Duncan I, Scottish king from 1034 to 1040. | |||||||||||||||
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Selection of references used:
1. Duc de Castries,The lives of the Kings and Queens of France,
2. C.H.Frith,Cromwell,1935
3. Caroline Bingham,The Life and Times of Edward II,
4. John Harvey,The Black Prince and his age,
5. Anthony Cheetham,Life and times of Richard III,
6. Peter Potter,Data Donation,
7. W.H.Hudson,France, The Nation & its Development,MCMXVII
8. J R Lander,The War of the Roses,
9. The Plantagenet Chronicles,
10. H.W.C.Davis,England under the Normans and Angevins,1949
11. G.A.Cambell,The Knights Templar. Their rise and fall,
12. BBC Publication,Background to the Crusades,
13. Alfred Duggan,The Story of the Crusades,
14. Edward Burman,The Templars, Knights of God,
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