TimeRef - History Timelines - Medieval People Starting With E

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Index of medieval people in this section

	EADRED (King of the English 946-955)	EADWIG (King of the English 955-959)
	EDGAR (I, King of the English 959-975)	Edgar (King of Scotland 1097-1107)
	Edgar (The Aetheling)	EDMUND (I, King of the English 939-946)
	EDMUND (II Ironside, King of the English 1016)	EDWARD (I, King of England 1272-1307)
	EDWARD (II, King of England 1307-1327)	EDWARD (III, King of England 1327-1377)
	EDWARD (IV, Earl of March and King of England 1461-1470, 1471-1483)	Edward (Prince of Wales)
	Edward (Prince of Wales, son of Richard III)	Edward (The Black Prince)
	EDWARD (The Confessor, King of England 1042-1066)	EDWARD (the Elder, King of West Saxons, 899-924)
	Edward (The Exile)	EDWARD (The Martyr, King of the English 975-978)
	EDWARD (V, King of England 1483)	Edward (VI, King of England 1547-1553)
	Edward Seymour (Duke of Somerset, Protector)	Egbert (King of Wessex 802-839)
	Eleanor (of Aquitaine)	Eleanor (of Castile)
	Elizabeth (I, Queen of England 1558-1603)	Elizabeth (of York)
	Emma (of Normandy, Wife of Athelred)	Erskine, Margaret (Lady)
	Estrithson, Sweyn (King of Denmark (1047-1075/6))	Eustace (II, Count of Boulogne)
	Eustace (IV, Count of Boulogne)

Colour Key

       800 .. 999
       1000 .. 1099
       1100 .. 1199
       1200 .. 1299
       1300 .. 1399
       1400 .. 1499
       1500 .. 1599

Medieval Life

Life in a castle

The Feudal System

Life in the countryside

Life in a monastery

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Rulers

Monarchs of England (871 .. 1603)

Rulers of Scotland (843 .. 1542)

Kings of France (987 .. 1547)

Byzantine Emperors (976 .. 1453)

Rulers of Denmark (988 .. 1513)

Popes and Antipopes (999 .. 1503)

The Crusader States (1098 .. 1289)

Titles

Princes of Wales (1301 .. 1509)

Counts, Earls and Dukes

Other

Genealogy (Family trees)

People listed by century

EADRED (King of the English 946-955)

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EADWIG (King of the English 955-959)

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EDGAR (I, King of the English 959-975)

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Edgar (King of Scotland 1097-1107)

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Edgar (The Aetheling)

Edgar was the son of Edward the Exile and grandson of Edmund II (Ironside), King of England. Edward the Exile had fled from England when Edmund II died and Canute had become King in 1016. In 1057 Edward the Exile and Edgar returned to England but Edward died shortly after. Edgar was brought up by Edward the Confessor. Because Edward the Confessor had no children Edgar was nominated as the heir to the English throne. When Edward the Confessor died in January of 1066 Edgar was too young to rule unaided and so Harold Godwinson was chosen as the next king of England. After Harold was killed at the battle of Hastings, in October of 1066, Edgar was briefly nominated as King until William the Conqueror assumed the title in December. In 1073 Edgar's attempts to take the English throne were upset by William the Conqueror. Edgar had joined forces with King Malcolm in Scotland and also King Philippe I of France. A storm in the North Sea put paid to any attempts and he surrendered to William.

Family Tree Details
Father: Edward (The Exile) (b.1016 - d.1057)
Mother: Agatha (of Brunswick)
Edgar (The Aetheling)
See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1067	Mar	William returns to Normandy
		William returned to Normandy taking as guests Edgar the Aetheling (the grandson of Edmund Ironside), Stigand (Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earls of Mercia and Northumbria and the brothers Edwin and Morcar.¹
1068		Malcolm III marries Edgar's sister
		Edgar the Aetheling took refuge with Malcolm III in Scotland along with his sister Margaret. Malcolm and Margaret were married in the same year.
1072	Jun	William leads an army into Scotland
		It is possible that William the Conqueror was planning to attack King Malcolm to prevent him protecting Edgar the Aetheling and to stop him advancing into the north of England. The treaty 'Peace of Abernethy' brought a solution to the situation where Malcolm agreed to become William's vassal and to expel Edgar.¹
1073		Edgar the Aetheling attempts to take the English throne
		Edgar joins forces with King Malcolm in Scotland and King Philippe I of France.

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EDMUND (I, King of the English 939-946)

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EDMUND (II Ironside, King of the English 1016)

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EDWARD (I, King of England 1272-1307)

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EDWARD (II, King of England 1307-1327)

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EDWARD (III, King of England 1327-1377)

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EDWARD (IV, Earl of March and King of England 1461-1470, 1471-1483)

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Edward (Prince of Wales)

Born: 13 Oct 1453
Died: 4 May 1471

Son of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou.

Family Tree Details
Father: HENRY (VI, King of England 1422-1461, 1470-1471) (b.1421 - d.1471)
Mother: Margaret (of Anjou) (b.1429 - d.1482)
Edward (Prince of Wales) (b.1453 - d.1471)
See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1453	Oct	Prince Edward is born
		King Henry's only son was born.
1463	Summer	Queen Margaret returns to France
		Her invasion plans in ruin, Margaret decided to return to France. She took Prince Edward with her.
1471	Apr 14	Queen Margaret lands at Weymouth
		Queen Margaret (wife of Henry VI) and her son Edward the prince of Wales landed at Weymouth on the very same day as the battle of Barnet. Their intention was to assist the Earl of Warwick, but she arrived too late. Determined to avenge the Barnet defeat, the Queen and her army marched north towards Wales and men she could count on to join her army. Edward had thought of this and to cut the Queen off from Wales, had taken control of the bridges across the River Severn.
	May 4	The Battle of Tewkesbury
		The Yorkists led by Edward and Richard met the Lancastrians at Tewkesbury. Richard was able to outflank the Lancastrians led by Edmund Beaufort, the self-proclaimed Duke of Somerset. Once Somerset's men had been dealt with, Richard attacked the rear of the Lancastrian line which broke apart and fled. Many of the Lancastrian leaders were caught and killed including Edward the Prince of Wales.

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Edward (Prince of Wales, son of Richard III)

Born: Dec 1473
Died: 1484

Son of Richard III.

Family Tree Details
Father: Richard (III, King of England 1483-1485) (b.1452 - d.1485)
Mother: Neville, Anne ( - d.1485)
Edward (Prince of Wales, son of Richard III) (b.1473 - d.1484)
See Also

Richard (III, King of England 1483-1485)

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1483	Sep 7	Richard's son becomes Prince of Wales
		A week of festivities preceded the investiture of Richard's son Edward.²
1484	Apr	Prince Edward dies
		Richard's only son died at Middleham Castle aged only eight. Anne was unable to have any more children and she would die in the following year. This left Richard with the problem of who should succeed him after his death.

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Edward (The Black Prince)

Born: 15 Jun 1330
Died: 8 Jun 1376

Edward, the Black Prince, was the eldest son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault. The Black Prince would never become king himself as he died before his father but his son would become the next king of England as Richard II. The prince was born at the royal palace of Woodstock in June of 1330. He was given the title of Earl of Chester and was bestowed with the traditional title of Prince of Wales when he was 12 years old. When his father created the Order of the Garter in 1348 at Windsor Castle the prince was included as one of the founding knights. More information can be found in the timeline below.

Family Tree Details
Father: EDWARD (III, King of England 1327-1377) (b.1312 - d.1377)
Mother: Philippa (of Hainault) ( - d.1369)
Edward (The Black Prince) (b.1330 - d.1376)
+Joan (of Kent) ( - d.1385) =RICHARD (II, King of England 1377-1399) (b.1367 - d.1400) +Anne (of Bohemia) ( - d.1394) +Isabella (of France, Wife of Richard II)
See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1329		Edward agrees to do homage to Philippe
1330	Jun 15	Edward (the Black Prince) is born
1333	Mar 18	Earl of Chester
1337		1st Duke of Cornwall
1342	Oct	Edward and Brittany
1343	May 12	The Black Prince becomes Prince of Wales
1348		Founding of the Order of the Garter
	Apr 23	Creation of the Order of the Garter
1350	Aug	Edward III attacks the Spanish fleet
1356	Sep 17	English and French armies meet
	Sep 18	Papal mission
	Sep 19	Battle of Poitiers
1357	Mar	Truce with France
	Apr	John brought to England
1358	Apr 23	A Splendid Tournament at Windsor
1360	May	Treaty of Bretigny
1362	Jul	The Black Prince is given Gascony
1363		Construction of the Chantry Chapel at Canterbury
1367	Apr 3	Battle of N�jera in Spain
1370	Aug	The French reclaim Limoges
	Sep 18	Limoges falls to the Black Prince
1376	Jun	Death of the Black Prince
1377	Jun 21	Edward III Dies
	Jun 23	Richard II becomes king
1397		Wilton Diptych painted

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EDWARD (The Confessor, King of England 1042-1066)

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EDWARD (the Elder, King of West Saxons, 899-924)

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Edward (The Exile)

Born: 1016
Died: 1057

Edward was the son of Edmund II (Ironside), king of England. When Edmund died and Canute became king in 1016, Edward fled to Hungary where he married into the country's ruling family. In 1053 Edward was invited back to England by (Harold Godwinson / Edward the Confessor ?) with his three children. Edward the Confessor had no children and Edward the Exile had an excellent claim to the English throne if the king died. Edward the Exile died shortly after arriving back in England in 1057. His death is a mystery, but may have been arranged by Harold Godwinson who was to benefit from the heir the throne's death. Edward's children including his eldest son, Edgar the Aethling were brought up by Edward the Confessor, and Edgar was nominated as heir to the English throne.

Family Tree Details
Father: EDMUND (II Ironside, King of the English 1016) (b.981 - d.1016)
Mother: Ealdgyth (b.963 - d.1017)
Edward (The Exile) (b.1016 - d.1057)
+Agatha (of Brunswick) =Edgar (The Aetheling) =Margaret (Granddaughter of Edmund Ironside) ( - d.1093) +Malcolm (III, Scottish King 1058-1093) ( - d.1093) =Edgar (King of Scotland 1097-1107) ( - d.1107) =Alexander (I, King of Scotland 1107-1124) (b.1077 - d.1124) =David (I, King of Scotland 1124-1153) (b.1085 - d.1153) | +Matilda (Wife of David I) | =Henry (Earl of Huntingdon) ( - d.1152) =Matilda Edith (of Scotland) | +Henry Plantagenet (I, King of England 1100-1135) (b.1068 - d.1135) | =William (Adelin) (b.1103 - d.1120) | =Matilda (Daughter of Henry I) (b.1102 - d.1167) =Mary (Daughter of Malcolm III)
See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1053		Edward the Exile invited to England
		Harold Godwinson invited the exiled Edward the Exile back to England in the hope that he could claim the English throne from Edward the Confessor.
1057		Edward (the Exile) dies
		Edward the Exile died in mysterious circumstances. Edward was the rightful heir the throne of England and Harold, Earl of Wessex benefited from Edward's death.

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EDWARD (The Martyr, King of the English 975-978)

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EDWARD (V, King of England 1483)

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Edward (VI, King of England 1547-1553)

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Edward Seymour (Duke of Somerset, Protector)

Edward Seymour was the brother of Jane Seymour, Queen of England to Henry VIII. When Henry VIII died in 1547 Edward Seymour was made Protector of the Realm to run the affairs of the country as Henry VIII's son Edward VI was only nine years old and too young to rule unaided.

See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
No Items

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Egbert (King of Wessex 802-839)

Born:
Died: 839

King of Wessex area of Britain from 802 to 839.

See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
832		The rise of Wessex
		Egbert, the king of Wessex, defeated Beornwulf, the king of Mercia at Wilton to establist the power of the area of Wessex.⁸
836		Viking invade Devon
		A fleet of possibly 35 ships landed a Viking army in Devon. Egbert fought the Vikings at Carhampton but was defeated by the invaders.⁹
837		Battle of Hingston Down
		A Viking raiding party assisted by local cornish men was defeated by Egbert of Wessex.
839		Ethulwulf becomes king of Wessex
		Egbert was followed by his son Ethulwulf as King of Wessex.

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Eleanor (of Aquitaine)

Born: 1122
Died: 1204

Eleanor of Aquitaine was the wife of the English King Henry II. Initially she had married the French king Louis VII. The marriage was arranged, as many noble marriages were in medieval times, to forge a relationship between France and Aquitaine. When Louis went on crusade in 1147 Eleanor went with him. In Antioch, in 1148, Eleanor met and had an affair with her uncle, Raymond of Poitiers. After the crusade Louis wanted his marriage to Eleanor ended, but he was advised not to end the marriage by his advisor the Abbot Suger, who thought the divorce would damage relationships with Aquitaine. When Abbot Suger died in 1152 Louis had the marriage annulled. More in the timeline below.

Family Tree Details
Eleanor (of Aquitaine) (b.1122 - d.1204)
+Louis (VII, The Young, King of France) (b.1121 - d.1180) | =Mary (of Champagne) (b.1145 - ) | =Alice (Daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine) (b.1150 - ) +Henry (II, King of England 1154-1189) (b.1133 - d.1189) =William ((Son of Henry II)) (b.1153 - d.1156) =Henry ('the Young King') (b.1155 - d.1183) =Matilda (Daughter of Henry II) (b.1156 - d.1189) | +Henry (Duke of Saxony) | =Otto (IV, Roman Emperor) (b.1182 - d.1218) =Richard (I, King of England 1189-1199) (b.1157 - d.1199) | +Berengaria (of Navarre, Queen of England) =Geoffrey (b.1158 - d.1186) | +Constance (of Brittany) | =Arthur (of Brittany) (b.1187 - d.1204) | =Eleanor (Grand-daughter of Henry II) ( - d.1241) =Eleanor (of England) (b.1162 - d.1214) | +Alfonso (King of Castile) | =Blanche | +Louis VIII (King of France) =Joan (of England, Queen of Sicily) (b.1165 - d.1199) | +William (II, King of Sicily) | +Raymond (VI, Count of Toulouse) | =Raymond (VII, Count of Toulouse) =JOHN (King of England 1199-1216) (b.1167 - d.1216) +Isabella ( - d.1217) +Isabella (of Angouleme) =HENRY (III, King of England 1216-1272) (b.1207 - d.1272) | +Eleanor (of Provence) | =EDWARD (I, King of England 1272-1307) (b.1239 - d.1307) | =Edmund (Earl of Lancaster) ( - d.1296) | =Margaret ( - d.1275) | =Beatrice ( - d.1275) =Richard (Earl of Cornwall) (b.1209 - d.1272) =Joan (Daughter of King John) (b.1210 - d.1238) | +Alexander (II, King of Scotland 1198-1249) (b.1198 - d.1249) =Isabelle (b.1214 - d.1241) =Eleanor (Daughter of King John) (b.1215 - d.1275) +William Marshal (the younger) +Simon de Montfort ( - d.1265)
See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1146	Mar 31	Sermon at V�zelay
1147	Jun	Louis VII joins the Crusade
1152	Mar 11	Divorce of Louis VII and Eleanor
	May	Henry marries Eleanor
1154	Spring	Henry returns to Normandy
	Dec 19	Henry crowned at Westminster Abbey
1155	Feb 28	Henry the Young King is born
	Spring	Repairs to Westminster Palace
1158	Sep 23	Birth of Geoffrey Plantaganet
1162		Eleanor gives birth in Rouen
1165		Eleanor moves back to Aquitaine
1202	Aug 1	Battle of Mirebeau
1204	Apr 1	Death of Eleanor of Aquitaine

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Eleanor (of Castile)

Born: 1241
Died: 1290

Eleanor, the daughter of Joan of Ponthieu and Ferdinand III of Castile, married Edward (I) the heir to the English throne. Both Edward and Eleanor were descended from Henry II. Henry was Edward's great-grandfather while Henry was Eleanor's great-great-grandfather.

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1254		Edward marries
		Edward (I) at the age of fifteen travels from Portsmouth with his mother and the Archbishop of Canterbury to marry Eleanor of Castile the half-sister of the King Alfonso X of Castile. Both Edward and Eleanor are descended from Henry II.¹⁵
1255	Oct	Edward and Eleanor return to England
		After the marriage at a Cistercian convent in Castile, Edward and Eleanor returned via Dover to England. Eleanor lived initially at Windsor Castle.
1263	Feb	Edward returns to England
		Edward and his wife returned to England¹⁶
1277	Aug 13	Vale Royal Abbey foundation stone laid
		Edward and his wife Eleanor of Castile laid the foundation stone of the Cistercian Abbey of Vale Royal in Cheshire.¹⁶
1282	Aug	Feudal levy gather at Rhuddlan
		King Edward had called for the feudal army to gather at Rhuddlan in August to put down the Welsh revolt. Edward and Eleanor's daughter Elizabeth was born at Rhuddlan at this time.¹⁷
1284	Apr 25	Edward (II) is born
		Edward, the future king of England was born at Caernarvon Castle on the 25th April, 1284. His father was Edward I and his mother was Eleanor of Castile. The castle was probably still under construction as work on it had only begun the year before.
1289	Aug	Edward returns to England
		Edward and Eleanor return to England after a three year visit to their foreign domains.
1290	Nov 28	Eleanor of Castile dies
		Eleanor of Castile, the wife of Edward I died while travelling in the North with the King. Eleanor had been suffering with illness for some time and the cold and damp of the Winter months probably aggravated her condition.¹⁶
	Dec	The 'Eleanor Crosses'
		As Edward travelled with the body of his wife Eleanor from Harby near Lincoln where the Queen died to Westminster a series of crosses were later erected at each location that the body rested over night.¹⁶

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Elizabeth (I, Queen of England 1558-1603)

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Elizabeth (of York)

Born:
Died: 1503

Daughter of Edward IV and wife of Henry VII.

Family Tree Details
Father: EDWARD (IV, Earl of March and King of England 1461-1470, 1471-1483) (b.1442 - d.1483)
Mother: Woodville, Elizabeth ( - d.1492)
Elizabeth (of York) ( - d.1503)
+Henry (VII, King of England 1485-1509) (b.1457 - d.1509) =Arthur (Son of Henry VII) (b.1486 - d.1502) | +Catherine (of Aragon) =Margaret (Daughter of Henry VII) (b.1489 - d.1541) | +James (IV King of Scotland 1488-1513) (b.1473 - d.1513) | =James (V, King of Scotland 1513-1542) (b.1512 - d.1542) | +Mary (of Guise) ( - d.1560) | | =Mary (Stuart, Queen of Scotland) (b.1542 - d.1587) | +Margaret Erskine (Lady) | =James Stewart (1st Earl of Moray) (b.1531 - d.1570) =HENRY (VIII, King of England 1509-1547) (b.1491 - d.1547) | +Catherine (of Aragon) | | =Mary (I, Queen of England 1553-1558, Bloody Mary) (b.1516 - d.1558) | | +Philip (II, King of Spain) (b.1527 - d.1598) | +Anne Boleyn ( - d.1536) | | =Elizabeth (I, Queen of England 1558-1603) (b.1533 - d.1603) | +Jane Seymour ( - d.1537) | | =Edward (VI, King of England 1547-1553) (b.1537 - d.1553) | +Anne (of Cleves) | +Catherine Howard | +Catherine Parr =Mary (Daughter of Henry VII) (b.1495 - d.1533) +Louis (XII, King of France) +Charles Brandon (Duke of Suffolk) (b.1485 - d.1545) =Frances (Lady) +Henry Grey (Duke of Suffolk) ( - d.1554) =Jane Grey (Lady) (b.1537 - d.1554) =Catherine Grey (Lady)
Mini Timeline

Year Month Details
1466 Feb 11 Birth of Edward IV's first daughter
First daughter, Elizabeth, born to Edward IV and Elizabeth; a second daughter, Mary, was born 11.8.1467.
¹³
1486 Jan 18 Henry VII married Elizabeth
Henry married Elizabeth, the daughter of Edward IV, at Westminster Abbey.
1488 Nov 25 Queen Elizabeth is crowned
Elizabeth of York was crowned. This could have been in 1487.¹⁸
1489 Nov Birth of Margaret
Henry VII's and Elizabeth's second child was born.¹⁹
1491 Jun 28 Henry (VIII) born
The future king of England Henry VIII was born at Greenwich Palace. He was the third child of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
Early Modern Period (1500-1800) - Under Construction
1503 Feb Elizabeth of York dies
Elizabeth, Henry VII's wife died in childbirth.

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Emma (of Normandy, Wife of Athelred)

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Erskine, Margaret (Lady)

Mistress of James V, King of Scotland. James V and Margaret Erskine had a son also called James.

Family Tree Details
Margaret Erskine (Lady)
+James (V, King of Scotland 1513-1542) (b.1512 - d.1542) =James Stewart (1st Earl of Moray) (b.1531 - d.1570)
Mini Timeline

Year Month Details
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Estrithson, Sweyn (King of Denmark (1047-1075/6))

Became King of Denmark after the death of King Magnus of Norway in 1047.

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Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1069		Danish fought off at Sandwich
		An attack by a Danish invasion fleet led by Sweyn Estrithson of Denmark was fought off by a garrison stationed at a castle at Sandwich. Sandwich was an important port on the south coast. The location has now been found and the site is being investigated.²⁰

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Eustace (II, Count of Boulogne)

Born:
Died: 1093

Eustace of Boulogne married Godgifu the daughter of Athelred the Unready and sister of Edward the Confessor.

Family Tree Details
Eustace (II, Count of Boulogne) ( - d.1093)
+Godgifu (Daughter of Athelred)
See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1051		Edward expels the Godwine family
		An incident occurred when Eustace II Count of Boulogne visited Edward the Confessor, his brother-in-law. The incident occurred in Dover where a fight broke out between the Norman visitors and the locals. Several people were killed. The area of Dover was under the control of the Godwine family and Edward the Confessor, who blamed the people of Dover for the fight, told Godwine to deal with them. Godwine refused to obey Edward's order and in response Edward raised an army and forced the Godwine family into exile.

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Eustace (IV, Count of Boulogne)

Born:
Died: 17 Aug 1153

Eustace was the son of Stephen of Blois, King of England. King Stephen tried to ensure Eustace would become king after his death but the throne of England went to Henry II instead.

Family Tree Details
Father: STEPHEN (of Blois, king of England 1135-1154) (b.1100 - d.1154)
Mother: Matilda (of Boulogne) ( - d.1152)
Eustace (IV, Count of Boulogne) ( - d.1153)
See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1137	Apr	Stephen goes to Normandy
		King Stephen sailed to Normandy to confront Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou and the Angevins who were attacking the soutern areas of Normandy. Although Stephen had come success he was not able to deal fully with the count. Stephen did come to an agreement with the French King Louis VII and Eustace, Stephen's son, paid homage to the French king for Normandy.¹⁰
1152	Apr 6	Theobald refuses to crown Eustace
		King Stephen had several lords swear to have Eustace, his son, as the next king of England. Theobald the Archbishop of Canterbury, who had to accept as well, refused to crown Eustace favouring Henry II's claim to the throne instead.
	Qtr 3	Henry defends his position
		After marrying Eleanor Henry came under attack by Louis, Eleanor's previous husband, who did not recognise Henry as the new Duke of Aquitaine. Stephen sent troops and his son Eustace to help Louis against Henry. Henry's younger brother, Geoffrey, was also not happy with the situation and joined the quarrels. Henry moved quickly attacking Louis and capturing Geoffrey to secure his position as Duke.
1153	Aug 17	Stephen's son Eustace dies
		Eustace wanted to continue the fight against Henry and had started attacking areas around Cambridge and East Anglia. He ransacked the Abbey at Bury St. Edmunds but died very shortly afterwards from a sudden illness.

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Selection of references used:

  1. David Bates,William the Conqueror,
  2. Anthony Cheetham,Life and times of Richard III,
  3. John Harvey,The Black Prince and his age,
  4. Hubert Cole,The Black Prince,1976
  5. David Green,The Black Prince,
  6. E.B.D'Auvergne,The English Castles,1926
  7. Michael Senior,The Life and Times of Richard II,1981
  8. John Timbs & Alexander Gunn,Abbeys, Castles and Ancient Halls of England & Wales (North),1872
  9. Richard Humble,The Fall of Saxon England,
  10. The Plantagenet Chronicles,
  11. John Harvey,The Plantagenets,
  12. Mike Salter,Castles and Moated Castles of Warwickshire,
  13. Peter Potter,Data Donation,
  14. Maurice Ashley,The Life and Times of King John,
  15. John Chancellor,The Life and Times of Edward I,1981
  16. Jean Powie,Eleanor of Castile,
  17. Kenneth H.Vickers,England in the Later Middle Ages,1921
  18. S.B.Chrimes,Henry VII,1972
  19. Alison Plowden,The House of Tudor,1976
  20. Derek Renn,Norman Castles,1968

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