TimeRef - History Timelines - Medieval People Starting With J

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Index of medieval people in this section

	James (I, King of Scotland 1406-1437)	James (II, King of Scotland 1437-1460)
	James (III, King of Scotland 1460-1488)	James (IV, King of Scotland 1488-1513)
	James (of St George's)	James (V, King of Scotland 1513-1542)
	James (VI of Scotland, 1567-1625, from 1603 James I of England)	Joan (of Arc)
	Joan (of Kent)	John (Duke of Bedford)
	John (I, King of France 1316)	John (I, of Portugal)
	John (II, King of France 1350-1364)	JOHN (King of England 1199-1216)
	John (of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster)	John (XXII, Pope)
	Julius (II, Pope 1503-1513)

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Genealogy (Family trees)

People listed by century

James (I, King of Scotland 1406-1437)

As heir to the Scottish throne, James was captured by the English in 1406 while sailing to France. A month later Robert III of Scotland died and James should have become King of Scotland, but he was held prisoner by the English. He was held for eighteen years while Scotland was ruled by a Regent. This resulted in a period of peace while the Scottish King was held hostage.

Family Tree Details
James (I, King of Scotland 1406-1437)
+Joan Beaufort =Margaret (Stewart) ( - d.1445) | +Louis (XI, King of France 1461-1483) =Isabella (Stewart) ( - d.1494) =Eleanor (Stewart) ( - d.1480) =James (II, King of Scotland 1437-1460) =Joan (Stewart) ( - d.1480)
See Also

Robert (III, King of Scotland 1390-1406)

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1406	Mar	James (I) captured by the English
		Robert III had fled from the Duke of Albany to Rothesay Castle and had attempted to send his son James to France. English pirates intercepted James and he was sent to London and imprisoned.
	Apr	Robert III dies
		Robert III, King of Scotland died at Rothesay Castle. His son James, although the rightful heir to the Scottish throne, was not crowned until 1424.
	Apr	James I of Scotland
		With the death of Robert III, King of the Scots, James I was the new King of Scotland but as he was imprisoned by the English, his brother Robert, acted as Regent until James' release in 1424.¹
1423	Dec	Treaty of London
		Treaty allowing James I, of Scotland to be freed from his prison where he had been for eighteen years and return to Scotland and become King.
1424	May	James I crowned
		James I, King of Scotland was crowned at Scone Abbey.

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James (II, King of Scotland 1437-1460)

Family Tree Details
Father: James (I, King of Scotland 1406-1437)
Mother: Beaufort, Joan
James (II, King of Scotland 1437-1460)
Mini Timeline

Year Month Details
1437 Mar 25 James II becomes King of the Scots
After the death of his father, James II became the King of the Scots.¹

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James (III, King of Scotland 1460-1488)

Born:
Died: 1488

King of Scotland from 1460 to 1488.

See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1468		Orkney pledged to Scotland
		The islands of Orkney were pledged to James III of Scotland in part payment of the dowry for the marriage of James to the daughter of King Christian I of Norway. ²
1473	Oct	Marriage agreement between England and Scotland
		James III of Scotland agreed that his new born son, James, should marry Edward IV's daughter Cecily. Cecily was only four and the agreement stated that the marriage should wait until both were old enough. Also, if either died before that time, a substitute would be found. This agreement brought peace between Scotland and England until October 1519.
1488	Jun 11	Death of James III of Scotland
		James III king of Scotland was killed at or shortly after the battle of Sauchieburn. Several of his nobles had risen up against the king and James was forced to fight. The king's army was defeated. James fled the battle field but was killed or even murdered shortly afterwards.

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James (IV, King of Scotland 1488-1513)

Born: 1473
Died: 1513

King of Scotland.

Family Tree Details
James (IV King of Scotland 1488-1513) (b.1473 - d.1513)
+Margaret (Daughter of Henry VII) (b.1489 - d.1541) =James (V, King of Scotland 1513-1542) (b.1512 - d.1542) +Mary (of Guise) ( - d.1560) | =Mary (Stuart, Queen of Scotland) (b.1542 - d.1587) | +Francis (II, King of France 1559-1560) (b.1544 - d.1560) | +Henry (Lord Darnley) (b.1546 - d.1567) | =James (VI of Scotland, 1567-1625, from 1603 James I of England) (b.1566 - d.1625) +Margaret Erskine (Lady) =James Stewart (1st Earl of Moray) (b.1531 - d.1570)
See Also

James (V, King of Scotland 1513-1542)

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1473	Oct	Marriage agreement between England and Scotland
		James III of Scotland agreed that his new born son, James, should marry Edward IV's daughter Cecily. Cecily was only four and the agreement stated that the marriage should wait until both were old enough. Also, if either died before that time, a substitute would be found. This agreement brought peace between Scotland and England until October 1519.
Early Modern Period (1500-1800) - Under Construction
1503	Jun	Henry VII escorts Margaret to Scotland
		Henry VII and his eldest daughter started their journey to Scotland where the arranged marriage between Margaret and the Scottish King James IV would take place. Margaret was only fourteen years old.
	Aug 8	Marriage of James IV and Margaret
		The marriage of the 30 year old Scottish king to the 14 year old daughter of Henry VI, Margaret took place at Holyrood house in Edinburgh.
1513	Sep 9	Battle of Flodden
		James IV of Scotland's invasion of England came to an end at the Battle of Flodden where he was killed. The English were led by Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. Henry VIII was in France at the time.

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James (of St George's)

Master Mason responsible for the design and construction of Edward I's castles in the north of Wales during the conflict with the Welsh and Llewelyn. Edward met James whilst travelling in Savoy. Impressed by his skills of castle building, Edward brought James back to England and by 1278 James was in North Wales working on castles there. Castles that James built include Flint, Rhuddlan, Harlech, Beaumaris and Caernarvon but there are many more. in many castles he used a concentric plan where a succession of nested walls and towers are built, the walls getting taller towards the centre of the castle. In these castles there are no central keeps, but one or more of the wall towers are large enough to be used in the same way.

See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1277	Jul	Construction of Flint Castle begun
		As part of the plans to defeat Llewelyn Edward I ordered the construction of Flint Castle in Clwyd. Edward had been impressed by fortified town and castle combinations he had seen on his travels in France and Flint Castle was designed in the same manor. The castle was completed in 1280.
	Aug	Reconstruction of Rhuddlan Castle begun
		Leaving work on Flint Castle underway Edward I moved on up the coast to Rhuddlan where he found the remains of an old Norman Motte and Bailey castle overlooking an important crossing point of the river Clywd. A new castle was ordered and work began to create both the castle and a new town alongside.
1282		Construction of Denbigh Castle
		Another castle was built by Edward I's master castle builder, James of St. George in North Wales.
1283		Construction of Caernarvon Castle
		Edward and his master castle builder started the reconstruction of a new castle at Caernarvon.
		Construction of Conway Castle begun
		After capturing Dolwyddelan, Edward moved up the river Conway to its mouth and a new castle was ordered. The castle's design and size were chosen to prove the royal power of the English King. The construction took until 1297.

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James (V, King of Scotland 1513-1542)

Born: 10 Apr 1512
Died: 14 Dec 1542

James V was the son of James IV, king of Scotland, who died at the battle of Flodden in 1513. James V died at the end of 1542 supposedly due to the shock of his army's defeat by the English at Solway Moss. James V left a daughter. Mary, as heir to the Scottish throne.

Family Tree Details
Father: James (IV, King of Scotland 1488-1513) (b.1473 - d.1513)
Mother: Margaret (Daughter of Henry VII) (b.1489 - d.1541)
James (V, King of Scotland 1513-1542) (b.1512 - d.1542)
+Mary (of Guise) ( - d.1560) | =Mary (Stuart, Queen of Scotland) (b.1542 - d.1587) | +Francis (II, King of France 1559-1560) (b.1544 - d.1560) | +Henry (Lord Darnley) (b.1546 - d.1567) | =James (VI of Scotland, 1567-1625, from 1603 James I of England) (b.1566 - d.1625) +Margaret Erskine (Lady) =James Stewart (1st Earl of Moray) (b.1531 - d.1570)
See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
Early Modern Period (1500-1800) - Under Construction
1542	Dec 8	Birth of Mary, Queen of Scots
		Mary was born at Linlithgow Palace in West Lothian, Scotland. She was the daughter of James V, king of Scotland and Mary of Guise, from France. James V died a week after Mary was born and she became Queen of Scotland.
	Dec 14	Death of James V of Scotland
		The defeat of the Scottish army at Solway Moss a few weeks earlier is supposed to have shocked James V so much that he died. His daughter Mary was only a week or so old when he died and she became queen, known as Mary Queen of Scots. James Hamilton, Earl of Arran became regent of Scotland as Mary was too young to rule.

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James (VI of Scotland, 1567-1625, from 1603 James I of England)

Born: 19 Jun 1566
Died: 27 Mar 1625

James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley.

Family Tree Details
Father: Henry (Lord Darnley) (b.1546 - d.1567)
Mother: Mary (Stuart, Queen of Scotland) (b.1542 - d.1587)
James (VI of Scotland, 1567-1625, from 1603 James I of England) (b.1566 - d.1625)
See Also

Mary (Stuart, Queen of Scotland)

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
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Joan (of Arc)

Born: 6 Jan 1412
Died: 30 May 1431

Joan of Arc was born in 1412 in a village called Domremy and was the daughter of a farmer. She had no education apart from religious instruction given to her by her mother. One evening, on one of her solitary walks, Joan saw a bright light and heard a voice coming from the direction of the local church. The visions continued informing her of her mission to rescue Orl�ans from the English invaders and to save France. At the age of 16 Joan went to see Robert de Baudricourt, the head of the French army at Vaucouleurs. Joan told him of the visions and her mission but he did not believe her and sent her home. Early in 1429 Joan left Domremy and returned to Vaucouleurs where again she spoke of her visions. This time she was believed and given permission to see Charles VII, the King of France. Leaving Vaucouleurs on February 24, 1491, Joan headed to Chinon and a meeting with the King. For protection on her journey Joan dressed as a man and had some attendants. In early March Joan reached Chinon but it took several days before the King granted her an audience. The King was advised to accept Joan's help and she was supplied with white armour, a horse and a detatchment of men for her journey to Orl�ans.

See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1412	Jan	Joan of Arc born
1429	Feb 23	Joan begins her mission
	Mar	Joan visits Charles VII
	Apr	Joan is given an army
	Apr 29	Joan reaches Orleans
	May 8	Siege of Orleans is lifted
	Jun 18	The Battle of Patay
	Jul 17	Charles VII crowned at Rheims
	Sep 8	Joan fails to take Paris
1430	May 23	Joan of Arc is captured
1431	Jan	The trial of Joan of Arc
	May 30	Joan of Arc burnt at the stake

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Joan (of Kent)

Born:
Died: 1385

Married Edward, 'The Black Prince'. Their son was Richard II.

Family Tree Details
Father: Edmund (Earl of Kent) ( - d.1330)
Mother: Wake, Margaret ( - d.1349)
Joan (of Kent) ( - d.1385)
+Edward (The Black Prince) (b.1330 - d.1376) =RICHARD (II, King of England 1377-1399) (b.1367 - d.1400) +Anne (of Bohemia) ( - d.1394) +Isabella (of France, Wife of Richard II)
See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1348		Founding of the Order of the Garter
		King Edward III of England established the Order of the Garter, the first English order of knighthood. Based on the Knights of the Round Table and King Arthur. The name of the order is supposed to have originated when Edward III picked up a garter that had been lost on the dance floor during a banquet. Edward tied the garter around his own leg telling all present not to pass judgement. The garter may have belonged to the beautiful Joan of Kent. Joan was later to marry Edward's son, the Black Prince.
1362	Jul	The Black Prince is given Gascony
		Edward III transferred control of Gascony to his eldest son, the Black Prince. Edward the Black Prince had just married Joan of Kent at Windsor and together they created a magnificent court in Bordeaux.
1378	Feb	Wycliffe again tried for heresy
		Again John Wycliffe was tried for heresy but this time he was supported by Joan of Kent the widow of Edward, the Black Prince. The trial ended when the citizens entered the courtroom to save him.

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John (Duke of Bedford)

Born:
Died: 1435

Family Tree Details
Father: HENRY (IV, King of England 1399-1413) (b.1367 - d.1413)
Mother: Bohun, Mary
John (Duke of Bedford) ( - d.1435)
See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1416	Aug 15	Harfleur rescued
		An English fleet commanded by John Duke of Bedford attacked and defeated the French blockading the mouth of the Seine who were preventing supplies reaching the English held town of Harfleur. Bedford was the king's brother.
1422	Sep 1	Henry VI becomes king
		Henry VI became king of England upon the death of his father. Henry was less than one year old when his father died and so England was governed by a number of protectors. These included Henry V's brothers, John Duke of Bedford and Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, along with Henry Beaufort the bishop of Winchester.
1429	Nov	Henry VI crowned
		Although Henry was still too young to reign he was crowned as Henry VI, King of England in response to the Duke of Bedford's concerns over the events in France.
1435	Sep 14	Duke of Bedford dies
		John, Duke of Bedford, died in Rouen. Henry was still too young to rule and Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, took over as regent until Henry was old enough to rule England unaided. Gloucester was not popular and was the cause of unrest with Parliament.

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John (I, King of France 1316)

Born: 15 Nov 1316
Died: 20 Nov 1316

John was the son of King Louis X of France and Queen Clemence. King Louis died in May of 1316 before John was born leaving the boy heir to the French throne. Louis' brother Philippe of Poitiers returned to Paris when Louis died and had assumed the position of regent. When John was born Philippe's position of power was threatened. John only lived for five days and suspicion of murdering the child fell on Philippe's wife.

See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1316		Philippe V becomes King of France
		Philippe, the brother of the previous King of France, became regent and then King of France.³
	Nov 15	Birth of John I King of France
		As soon as he was born John became the King of France. His father, Louis X, had died several months before his birth.
	Nov 20	Death of King John of France
		Only five days after his birth the King of France died. John's uncle Philippe, who had been acting as regent, became King of France.

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John (I, of Portugal)

Family Tree Details
John (I, of Portugal)
+Philippa (daughter of John of Gaunt)
Mini Timeline

Year Month Details
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John (II, King of France 1350-1364)

Born: Apr 1319
Died: 8 Apr 1364

A member of the house of Valois, John was the King of France from 1350 until 1364.

Family Tree Details
Father: Philippe (VI, King of France 1328-1350) ( - d.1350)
Mother: Joan (of Burgundy)
John (II, King of France 1350-1364) (b.1319 - d.1364)
+Bonne (of Luxembourg) =Charles (V, King of France 1364 - 1380) (b.1338 - d.1380) +Joan (of Bourbon) =Charles (VI, King of France 1380-1422) (b.1338 - d.1422) +Isabella (of Bavaria) =Charles (VII, King of France 1422-1461) (b.1403 - d.1461) =Catherine (of France) ( - d.1438)
See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1350		John II becomes King of France
		John became king of France after the death of his father Philippe.³
1356	Sep 17	English and French armies meet
		On Saturday 17th of September while the Black Prince was moving his army to English owned city of Bordeaux the English and French armies finally came across each other near Poitiers. Edward moved his army into a defensive position protected by hedges on three sides and a narrow lane on the fourth.
	Sep 18	Papal mission
		On the Sunday a Cardinal attempted to get the English prince and French king to agree a truce, but the two leaders used the Sunday to rest their troops and prepare for the battle ahead.
	Sep 19	Battle of Poitiers
		On Monday the 19th of September the battle of Poiters took place. Even though the English army was outnumbered the Black Prince used superior tactics in the battle and defeated the French without suffering many losses. John, the French King, was captured along with many other French nobles and taken to Bordeaux.
1357	Mar	Truce with France
		On behalf of the King of England, Edward, the Black Prince arranged a two year truce with John, the King of France at Bordeaux.
	Apr	John brought to England
		The Black Prince with the French king and many other prisoners began the journey from France to England. Once back in England these nobles were ransomed for large amounts of money.
1360	May	Treaty of Bretigny
		The treaty of Bretigny brought a period of peace for nine years during the Hundred Years War. The treaty was arranged between the Black Prince and the dauphin (later Charles V of France) before being approved by Edward III of England and King John of France. As part of the treaty Edward was given control of the areas of Gascony, Calais and Ponthieu as long as he agreed to give up his claim for the French throne. King John, currently being held hostage in England, was to be released on condition of a payment of 3 million gold crowns to by paid in instalments.
	Oct	Treaty agreed
		At Calais Edward III and King John of France, who had be released from captivity, signed the Treaty of Bretigny.
1364		Charles V becomes King of France
		Charles became king of France after the death of his father John and was crowned at Rheims Cathedral.³

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JOHN (King of England 1199-1216)

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John (of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster)

Born:
Died: 1399

John of Gaunt was the son of Edward III, King of England and the father of Henry IV, king of England. He was born in Ghent, Flanders from which his name comes. When Edward III died in 1377 the English throne passed to Richard II, John's nephew. Richard was only ten at the time and too young to rule unaided. John of Gaunt took control of the country until Richard was old enough to rule. Gaunt alienated the Church by supporting Wyclif's criticism of the Church's power and wealth.

Family Tree Details
Father: EDWARD (III, King of England 1327-1377) (b.1312 - d.1377)
Mother: Philippa (of Hainault) ( - d.1369)
John (of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster) ( - d.1399)
+Blanche (of Lancaster) ( - d.1369) | =HENRY (IV, King of England 1399-1413) (b.1367 - d.1413) | | +Mary Bohun | | =Henry (V, King of England 1413-1422) (b.1387 - d.1422) | | | +Catherine (of France) ( - d.1438) | | | =Henry (VI, King of England 1422-1461, 1470-1471) (b.1421 - d.1471) | | =Thomas (Duke of Clarence) ( - d.1421) | | =John (Duke of Bedford) ( - d.1435) | | =Humphrey (Duke of Gloucester) ( - d.1447) | =Philippa (daughter of John of Gaunt) | | +John (I, of Portugal) | =Elizabeth (daughter of John of Gaunt) | +John (Earl of Pembroke - 1389) +Constance (of Castile) ( - d.1394) | =Katherine (of Lancaster) (b.1372 - d.1418) +Catherine Swynford =John Beaufort (1st Earl of Somerset) ( - d.1410) | +Margaret Holland | =Henry Beaufort (Duke of Somerset) ( - d.1418) | =John Beaufort ( - d.1444) | =Edmund Beaufort (2nd Duke of Somerset) ( - d.1455) | | +Eleanor Beauchamp | | =Henry Beaufort (3rd Duke of Somerset) ( - d.1464) | | =Edmund Beaufort ( - d.1471) | | =John Beaufort ( - d.1471) | =Joan Beaufort | +James (I, King of Scotland 1406-1437) | =Margaret (Stewart) ( - d.1445) | =Isabella (Stewart) ( - d.1494) | =Eleanor (Stewart) ( - d.1480) | =James (II, King of Scotland 1437-1460) | =Joan (Stewart) ( - d.1480) =Henry Beaufort (Bishop of Winchester) ( - d.1447) =Thomas Beaufort (Duke of Exeter) ( - d.1426) =Joan Beaufort (daughter of John of Gaunt) (b.1379 - d.1440) +Ralph Neville (Earl of Westmorland) (b.1364 - d.1425) =Cecily Neville | +Richard (Duke of York) (b.1411 - d.1460) | =Edward (IV, Earl of March and King of England 1461-1470, 1471-1483) (b.1442 - d.1483) | =George (Duke of Clarence) (b.1449 - d.1478) | =Richard (III, King of England 1483-1485) (b.1452 - d.1485) | =Elizabeth (Daughter of Richard, Duke of York) | =Margaret (of York, sister of Edward IV) (b.1446 - ) =Richard Neville (Earl of Salisbury) ( - d.1460) +Alice (Daughter of Earl of Salisbury) =Richard Neville (Earl of Warwick, 'The Kingmaker') (b.1428 - d.1471) =John Neville (Earl of Northumberland, Lord Montagu) ( - d.1471) =George Neville (Archbishop of York) ( - d.1476)
See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
1361 - 1399		John of Gaunt owns Kenilworth
1362		John becomes Duke of Lancaster
1367	Mar	Henry (IV) future king of England in born
1369	Jul	John of Gaunt in northern France
1371		Wykeham asks for war supplies
1377	Feb	Wycliffe tried for heresy
	Jun 21	Edward III Dies
	Jul 16	Richard II crowned
1384	Apr	Criticism of Richard
1386	Spring	Gaunt and the Castilian throne
	Jul 8	John leaves Plymouth
1399	Feb	Death of John of Gaunt

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John (XXII, Pope)

Born:
Died: 1334

Pope from 1316 to 1334. He was the longest reigning Avignon Popes. John faced several threats during his time in office, including the German King Lewis the Bavarian, who wanted to become Roman Emperor, and the expanse of power from Milan led by Matteo Visconti.

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Year	Month	Details
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Julius (II, Pope 1503-1513)

Julius II was the Pope from 1503 until 1513. Julius gave permission for the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Julius was also a member of the Holy League of countries against France in 1511.

See Also

Mini Timeline

Year	Month	Details
Early Modern Period (1500-1800) - Under Construction
1505		Papal dispensation
		Pope Julius II gave permission for the marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII. The legality of the marriage was in question because Catherine had been married to Henry's elder brother Arthur.

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Selection of references used:

  1. Susan Ross,The Castles of Scotland,
  2. Peter Potter,Data Donation,
  3. Duc de Castries,The lives of the Kings and Queens of France,
  4. Mike Salter,Castles and Moated Castles of Warwickshire,
  5. Hubert Cole,The Black Prince,1976
  6. Michael Senior,The Life and Times of Richard II,1981
  7. M H Keen,England in the Later Middle Ages,

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