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| Lanfranc (Archbishop of Canterbury 1070-89) |
| Born: Died: 1089 | Lanfranc was an Italian trained in law who became a Benedictine monk at Bec in Normandy. His abilities were noticed by William of Normandy who made him the abbot for his abbey of St. Stephen at Caen. Lanfranc moved to England after the Conquest and in 1070, when Archbishop Stigand was deposed by a Church Council and excommunicated, he was appointed the new Archbishop of Canterbury. Lanfranc was highly regarded by the King and when William had to do back to Normandy to put down rebellions Lanfranc was trusted to run England. He held several great Councils that changed and shaped the English Church. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Langton, Stephen |
| Born: Died: 1228 | Archbishop of Canterbury. After the death of Hubert Walter, king John wanted John Gray, bishop of Norwich as the new archbishop. The bishops and monks instead voted Reginald, the prior of Canterbury. John forced the election of Gray, but pope Innocent III did not agree and held a vote between Gray and Reginald that ended in a draw. The pope chose Langton instead. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Leofric (Bishop of Exeter) |
| Born: Died: 1072 | Leofric was the first Bishop of Exeter after the see had been moved from Crediton. | |||||||||
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| Leofric (Earl of Mercia) |
| Born: Died: 1057 | Leofric rose to power during the reign of Canute and Edward the Confessor. He became the Earl of Mercia and controlled large parts of the Midlands. He supported Edward against the Godwines. He appears to have been quite religious as there are records of him founding abbeys at Coventry and Wenlock. Leofric died in 1057. | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Leofwine (Earl of Kent and Essex) |
| Born: Died: 1066 | Son of Godwine, Earl of Wessex. Died at the Battle of Hastings. | |||||||||||||||
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Leofwine (Earl of Kent and Essex) ( - d.1066)| Lionel (of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence) |
| Born: Died: 1368 | Son of Edward III. | ||||||||||||||||||
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Lionel (of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence) ( - d.1368)| Llewelyn ap Gruffydd |
| Born: Died: 11 Dec 1282 | In 1255 Llewelyn ap Gruffydd became the most powerful Welsh leader in the north west of Wales. It was not long before he had the support of the other Welsh lords and in 1258 became the 'Prince of Wales'. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Llewelyn ap Iorwerth |
| Born: Died: 1240 | Llewelyn the Great was the supreme leader of the Welsh Lords during the early years of Henry III's reign. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Longchamp, William |
| At the end of 1189, William Longchamp was given the position of Justiciar and the task of administering the affairs of England by Richard I, the Lionheart while he was away on Crusade. Longchamp was a Norman, the chancellor and Bishop of Ely. The reason that Richard appointed Longchamp was to prevent his brother John from taking the English throne for himself. Richard also elected his four year old nephew, Arthur of Brittany as heir to the throne and ordered John to stay away from England for three years, but at the end of 1190 John returned to England and began a campaign against Longchamp. Longchamp was not popular with the Barons and it was easy for John to gain support against him. Even though Richard I was in Sicily, he learnt of the conflict back in England and sent Walter de Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen to investigate and deal with the problem. Longchamp was deposed and Walter took his place as Justiciar. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Longsword, William |
| Or William Longespee. William was the illegitimate son of Henry II and became the earl of Salisbury after marrying the heiress to the earldom of Salisbury in 1198. William supported king John during his reign, including defeating the French fleet in 1213 preparing to invade. | |||||||||||||||||||
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| LOUIS (IX, King of France, St. Louis) |
| Born: Died: 25 Aug 1270 | After Jerusalem fell in August 1244, Louis took the cross in December. He set sail for his base in Cyprus four years later and landed in Damietta in June 1249. The attempt to reach Cairo failed due to disease and the Crusade was abandoned. Louis was taken prisoner and had to pay a large ransom to be freed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Louis (The Pious) |
| Born: Died: 840 | Louis was the son of Charlemagne and succeeded as the ruler of the Franks after Charlemagne's death in 814. Louis was also the King of Aquitaine. He had several sons and attempted to divide his land between them but the divisions lead to disputes and caused civil wars. | |||||||||||||||
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| Louis (VI, The Fat, King of France 1108-1137) |
| Born: 1108 Died: 1137 | Louis VI was born in around 1081 to Philippe I, king of France and Bertha of Holland. He was brought up on physical exercise and was a great eater and drinker hence his nickname. His youth was spent fighting, firstly the Normans in Vexin and then resolving disputes in Chartres and Agincourt. When he became king in 1108 he was mature and ready to rule. The monk Suger, who designed the basilica of St. Denis, was a great supporter of Louis and documented his life in great detail. Louis' most important act was the defeat of the joint attack from England and Emperor Henry V in 1124. Louis was saved by the fast action of the vassals who organised huge numbers of men to move against the threat. Emperor Henry V actually turned back before engaging the French. Louis arranged the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine to his son, the future Louis VII, in an attempt to increase the territories his family could own. The Duke of Aquitaine possessed a quarter of France. Louis died in 1137 shortly after arranging the marriage and was succeeded by his son Louis. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Louis (VII, The Young, King of France, 1137-1180) |
| Born: 1121 Died: 1180 | Louis was the second son of Louis VI. The eldest was killed in childhood. Louis VII married Eleanor of Aquitaine. The marriage was arranged by his father in the attempt to bring the two regions of France and Aquitaine together. Eleanor had a strong will and may have steered Louis' actions which brought him in conflict with both Pope and St. Bernard over matters of the Church. Eleanor also had an amorous nature the king could not trust and when on Crusade, Louis insisted Eleanor went along too. In Antioch in March 1148 Eleanor had an affair with Raymond of Poitiers who was her uncle. Back in France in 1149 Louis wanted to annul the marriage, but Suger looking after the country while Louis had been away, advised him not to. In March 1152 after Suger died, Louis annulled the marriage. This was a disaster for France as Eleanor married Henry, the Count of Anjou who would become Henry II King of England. Henry accepted being Louis' vassal and even sent his sons Richard and John, both who would become king of England to pay homage to Louis. Louis and Henry had conflicts, one being Thomas Becket archbishop of Canterbury who Louis gave asylum to. Louis died in 1180 and was succeeded by his son Philippe Augustus. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Louis (VIII, The Lion, King of France 1223-1226) |
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| Louis (X, The Headstrong, King of France 1314-1316) |
| Born: Died: May 1316 | Louis, the eldest son of Philippe the Fair became king of France in 1314, but his reign was only to last eighteen months. During his short reign there were many riots and street fights. Examinations of the treasury found them bare and inquests into the state of the finances led to the hanging of many of Philippe's advisors. They had paid large amounts of money to people Philippe was in debt to. Louis married Clemence, the daughter of King Charles I of Hungary in August 1315 and was soon expecting his son. Louis died in May 1316 after falling ill. Poisoning was suspected but not proven. Louis was succeeded by his brother Philippe. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Louis (XI, King of France 1461-1483) |
| King Louis XI, the spider, supported Henry VI the Lancastrians and he supported invasions of England against Edward IV. In 1440, before he became king of France, Louis plotted against his own father, King Charles VII, in what is known as the Praguerie. The plot led by French nobles wanted to remove Charles from the throne of France. The uprising was crushed and Charles forgave his son for the part he played. Louis' continued plotting against the King and his ministers led to his appointment as governor of a region called Dauphiné. Louis ruled his domain as if it were an independent state, collecting taxes and minting coins. In 1456 Charles sent an army to Dauphiné when Louis refused to submit to the King's authority. Louis fled to the court of Philip, the Duke of Burgundy (Philip the Good) and was granted an allowance and the castle of Genappe. Louis married Margaret, the daughter of James I, King of Scotland. But after her death in 1445 Louis annoyed his father by marrying the daughter of the Duke of Savoy without the King's approval. Charles VII died in July of 1461 after a long illness resulting in an abscess in the mouth that meant he could not eat or drink. Louis had refused to see his dying father, but as soon as he learnt of the King's death Louis headed to Rheims and Paris to claim the French throne. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Louis (XII, King of France) |
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| Lucy, Richard de |
| Constable of the Tower of London from 1153 and later Justiciar of England. | ||||||||||
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| Lulach (Scottish King) |
| Born: Died: 1058 | Scottish king from 1057 until 1058. He was the stepson of Macbeth and became king of the Scots after Macbeth was killed by Malcolm. Lulach was also killed by Malcolm who became the next king. Lulach was known as the 'fool' or the 'simple'. | |||||||||||||||
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Selection of references used:
1. H.W.C.Davis,England under the Normans and Angevins,1949
2. Maurice Ashley,The Life and Times of King John,
3. Richard Barber,The Devil's Crown,
4. Elizabeth Luckock and Caroline Gundy,Simon de Montfort,1969
5. Hubert Cole,The Black Prince,1976
6. Kenneth H.Vickers,England in the Later Middle Ages,1921
7. Mike Salter,Castles of South-West Wales,
8. Timbs & Gunn,Abbeys, Castles & Ancient Halls of England & Wales,
9. M.T.Clanchy,England and its Rulers,
10. Derek Wilson,The Tower (1078 - 1978),
11. John Timbs & Alexander Gunn,Abbeys, Castles and Ancient Halls of England & Wales (North),1872
12. Duc de Castries,The lives of the Kings and Queens of France,
13. BBC Publication,Background to the Crusades,
14. C.H.Frith,Cromwell,1935
15. The Plantagenet Chronicles,
16. Edward Burman,The Templars, Knights of God,
17. John Harvey,The Plantagenets,
18. Peter Potter,Data Donation,
19. W.H.Hudson,France, The Nation & its Development,MCMXVII
20. J.D. Mackie,A History of Scotland,1978
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