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| Parr, Catherine |
| Catherine Parr was the sixth and final wife of Henry VIII. She had been made a widow twice by former marriages and was in her early thirties. Henry proposed to Catherine and she accepted although she was in love with Thomas Seymour (brother of Jane Seymour?). Henry and Catherine were married on the 12th of July, 1543. Henry's health was poor due to the leg injury he had suffered when he fell from his horse and Catherine took on the role of his nurse. Catherine also became step-mother to his three children Edward, Mary and Elizabeth who she brought together as as family. Catherine and Henry had a dispute over religion and Henry ordered Catherine's arrest. The dispute was settled and the arrest order was cancelled. After Henry died Catherine married Thomas Seymour. She died in 1548. | |||||||||||||||
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Catherine Parr| Payens, Hugh de |
| Born: Died: 1136 | Hugh de Payens, a knight from Burgundy, is regarded as the founding member of the Knights Templar. He and his fellow knights were granted dwellings in Jerusalem near the Dome of the Rock which was believed to be the site of the Temple of Solomon. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Percy, Henry (Earl of Northumberland) |
| Born: Died: Feb 1408 | ... | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Percy, Henry (Hotspur) |
| Born: Died: 21 Jul 1403 | Hotspur was the son of the Henry Percy the Earl of Northumberland. The Percies were a powerful family in the north of England. They assisted Henry Bollingbroke in the overthrowing of Richard II and his accession to the English throne as Henry IV. Hotspur was given the role of guardian to Prince Henry (future Henry V) and in 1401 he accompanied the young Prince to North Wales where they were to subdue the revolt started by Glendower. A disagreement erupted between Hotspur and the King when the King failed to pay Hotspur's men. Hotspur then refused to assist Prince Henry in Wales and went to Scotland to fight the Scots. ### Died at the battle of Shrewsbury. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Peter (The Hermit) |
| Following Pope Urban's speech at Clermont, Peter the Hermit, a simple man with a powerful ability to move people by his words, started his own Crusade. His army of followers were eager to go to Jerusalem with promises of absolution and freedom from a life of hunger and deprivation. The army's journey across land was not without its problems, due to the huge number of people travelling at the same time. Nearing Byzantine, the army was attacked by professional soldiers after a dispute and almost a quarter of Peter's men were killed. At Constantinople, the Emperor Alexius welcomed the army, but soon ordered them to move on due to their lack of discipline and repeated attacks and thefts from surrounding villages. Alexius warned Peter to wait for better trained troops to arrive before attacking the Turks, but was ignored. The army camped at Cibotos where it was decided to wait for the Turks to attack. But a group led by Geoffrey Burel, tired of waiting spurred the army into action and went in search of the Turks instead. The undisciplined army soon fell into an ambush and turned an ran. The Turks had the advantage and chased the Crusaders back to their camp killing many of them. A couple of thousand managed to escape back to a castle near the sea-shore, where after a brief siege were rescued by Alexius' warships once he had received news of their disaster. Peter's Crusade was over. | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Philip (II, King of Spain) |
| Born: 21 May 1527 Died: 1598 | Philip of Spain was the son of Emperor Charles V. In 1554 Philip married Queen Mary I, Queen of England. Part of the marriage agreement was that Philip had no rights to the English throne if Mary died without having any children, and in that case Elizabeth, Mary's half-sister, would become Queen of England. | ||||||||
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| Philippa (of Hainault) |
| Born: Died: 1369 | Married Edward III. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Philippe (I, King of France 1060-1108) |
| Born: Died: 29 Jul 1108 | The son of Henry I, King of France, Philippe became king at the age of seven or eight and, because he was too young to rule, was overseen by regent Baldwin the Count of Flanders one of Philippe's uncles. | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Philippe (II Augustus, King of France 1180-1223) |
| Philippe Augustus, nicknamed because he was born in August, came to the throne after the death of his father Louis VII in 1180. He took the throne on 18th of September of 1180. Philippe joined Richard I, the King of England, in the Holy Land during the Third Crusade. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Philippe (III, King of France 1270-1285) |
| Born: Died: 1285 | Details. | ||||||||||||
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| Philippe (IV, The Fair, King of France 1285-1314) |
| Born: Died: 29 Nov 1314 | King of France, from 1285 to 1314, Philippe was ruling when the orders to crush the Knights Templars were given. Philippe's financial difficulties which may have led to the downfall of the Templars as Philippr owed them money, was caused by huge expenditure trying to expand his territory. Money was spent on rents, civil servants and military operations. To get some of the money back, Philippe first picked on the Jews and money lenders, whose assets he confiscated and paid to the crown. He then confiscated the assets of the Lombards, Italian bankers within France. The Templars, as the Kings's bankers were a good target, as by removing them, Philippe effectively removed his debt to them. Philippe died in 1314, of a hunting accident, a strange coincidence, as at the burning of the Templar's leaders at the stake, Jaques de Molay was to say that Pope Clement V would die within forty days and King Philippe would not see in the end of the year. Pope Clement V died on 20 April 1314. Philippe IV was succeeded by three of his sons, Louis X (1314-16), Philippe V (1316-22) and Charles IV (1322-28), but they all died young without sons of their own. They were succeeded by Philippe VI, the start of the Valois line which extended to the end of the sixteenth century. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Philippe (V, the Tall, King of France 1316-1322) |
| Born: Died: 3 Jan 1322 | Philippe, acting as regent after the death of his brother Louis, took the throne in 1316 after the death of Louis' only son John. Louis had a daughter Joan by an earlier marriage but Philippe ensured that Joan would not become Queen by reinvoking an old law called the Salic Law that stated a woman should not succeed to the throne. During his short reign Philippe brought about many administrative reforms and attempted to impose income taxes of twenty percent. He died of tuberculosis in 1322 and was succeeded by his brother Charles. | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Philippe (VI, King of France 1328-1350) |
| Born: Died: 1350 | King of France from 1328 until 1350. Philippe was the first of the Valois line of kings that reigned until the end of the sixteenth century. Philippe's succession to the throne was not uncontested. The three previous monarchs were the sons of Philippe IV (the Fair) who had died in 1314 and none of them had produced a male heir. Charles, the previous king, had nominated Philippe as regent and to take the throne. Philippe was Charles' first cousin. The succession was contested by Joan (daughter of Louis X) and more importantly by Philippe IV's daughter Isabella of France who had married Edward II, the king of England. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Plantagenet, Edward (Earl of Warwick) |
| Born: Died: 1499 | Son of George, Duke of Clarence and Isabel Neville. Edward was nephew of Richard III and his title was the Earl of Warwick and potential heir to the English throne. At the age of ten, after Richard III's defeat at Bosworth and Henry VII becoming king, Edward was arrested and taken to the Tower of London. A man called Lambert Simnel appeared in Ireland in 1499 and claims were made that he was Edward, Earl of Warwick. | |||||||||||||||
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| Plantagenet, Geoffrey (Archbishop of York) |
| Illegitimate son of Henry II. | |||||||||||||
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| Pole, Edmund de la (Earl of Suffolk) |
| Born: Died: 1513 | Details to follow. | ||||||||||||
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| Pole, John de la (Duke of Suffolk) |
| Born: Died: 1491 | Married Elizabeth the sister of Edward IV. | ||||||||
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| Pole, John de la (Earl of Lincoln) |
| Born: Died: 1487 | John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, was the son of Elizabeth, sister to Edward IV. He assisted Lambert Simnel's false claim to be Edward the Earl of Warwick. The real Earl of Warwick had been imprisoned by Henry VII in the Tower of London because he was the nephew of Edward IV and a rightful heir to the English throne. John de la Pole landed in Ireland in May of 1487 with some German mercenaries. The Irish crowned Simnel as Edward VI in Dublin and supported an invasion force. They landed on the Lancashire coast, but Henry was prepared and the two armies met at Stoke on 16th of June. The fight could have gone either way but Henry's army won the battle. Lincoln was killed and Lambert Simnel was captured. | |||||||||||||||
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| Pole, William de la (Duke of Suffolk) |
| Born: Died: 1450 | William de la Pole was a powerful member of the inner circle of advisers of Henry VI. His dominance came to an end in 1450 when he was accused by Parliament of being the cause of the country's problems and was imprisoned. Henry VI allowed him to be banished rather than executed but as William left the country he was attacked and killed. | ||||||||||||||||||
See AlsoMini Timeline
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| Polo, Marco |
| Born: 1253 Died: 1324 | Marco was supposed to have published a book called 'A Description of the World', telling the stories of his travels overland from Italy to China and by boat along the coast of South-East Asia and India. Marco was born in Venice, at the time one of the most powerful states in Italy.Merchants would travel to the Black Sea where they would exchange jewels, silver and gold for precious goods. Buying silks from China and spices like pepper and ginger. Carpets were also bought from Persia. These were sold back in Venice for a large profit. Marco's father Nicolo and his uncle Matteo were traders and were away when Marco was born. They travelled to China and spent time at the Court of the Great Khan. Marco was fifteen years old when they returned. They told him of the things they had seen and when they left again in 1271, Marco went with them. They left in the summer of 1271 and headed straight to Acre on the Mediterranean coast. While in China, Nicolo and Matteo had met the Great Khan, Kubilai. Impressed by the two men, Kubilai wanted to know more about Christianity and asked Nicolo to go to the Pope to ask for 100 Christian Priests and oil from the Holy Sepulche. Since the death of Pope Clement IV in 1269 there was no Pope, so it was hoped that the Papal Legate at Acre, called Tedaldo would agree. He only agreed to the oil. The Polos started on their journey, but only got to Ayas, 300 kms north of Acre when Tedaldo was elected Pope and sent word that if they returned, he would send two priests with them. The priests joined the Polos but soon turned back at news of fighting between the Christians and the Saracens ahead. The Polos continued north, passing Mount Ararat, the legendary resting place of Noah's Ark. Continuing on to the foothills of Kurdistan, winter drew in and they waited for spring. In the spring they travelled on to northern Persia passing through Tabriz. Turning south, they headed for the port of Hormus, planning to take a ship to China. Heading across barren plains of Persia they were attacked by bandits and luckily escaped with their lives. Once in Hormus, they discovered that the quality of boat building was not up to their standards and worried about their own safety, decided to travel overland. Traveling almost a month north-east, they reached the plain of the Dry Tree, a famous landmark. Here they turned east and travelled through the north-east of Afganistan. By the winter of 1272 they had reached Badakshan and stayed they when Marco became ill. In the spring of 1273, Marco was well again to continue. Finally, the Polos reached the city of Kanchow on the border with China. Messengers were sent to the Great Khan to tell of their arrival, and an escort was sent to take them safely to the Great Khan's court. Marco became very useful to Kubilai and travelled as an emissary, gaining information that other emissaries could not. He became a mixture of spy and diplomat and was sent to Ceylon and India. In 1292, the Khan or Persia, Arghun, asked that he could marry a Mongol princess, Princess Kokachin. The Persians envoy, frightened by news of war on their proposed path back home, were told by the Polos of the safer journey by sea. This was fortunate, as the Polos were looking for a good reason to leave Kubilai's court as he was becoming old and rival barons were becoming jealous of the Polo's influence and power and could easily murder Marco. The Persians agreed to the sea trip and asked the Polos to guide them. The journey was not so safe, and several ships were lost to pirates. Once in Hormus, they found that Arghum had died and Princess Kokachin decided to marry his nephew Ghazan. The Polos travelled north to Trebizond on the Black Sea but were captured and had to pay a large ransom to be freed. Back in Venice, they found that Venice was at war with Genoa and Marco was made the commander of a war galley. At the battle of Curzola, Marco was captured and imprisoned. It was here that he met a writer, Rustichello of Pisa who after hearing Marco's stories, convinces him to write an account of the travels. In 1298, when Marco was released, the book was finished. | ||||||||||||
See AlsoMini Timeline
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Selection of references used:
1. Edward Burman,The Templars, Knights of God,
2. Stephen Howarth,The Knights Templar,
3. Peter Earle,The Life and Times of Henry V,
4. Alfred Duggan,The Story of the Crusades,
5. Hubert Cole,The Black Prince,1976
6. Duc de Castries,The lives of the Kings and Queens of France,
7. H.W.C.Davis,England under the Normans and Angevins,1949
8. John Gillingham,The Life and Times of Richard I,1974
9. Richard Barber,The Devil's Crown,
10. Maurice Ashley,The Life and Times of King John,
11. M.T.Clanchy,England and its Rulers,
12. Caroline Bingham,The Life and Times of Edward II,
13. John Harvey,The Black Prince and his age,
14. T.F. Tout,The History of England,
15. John J. Robinson,Born in Blood,
16. Neville Williams,Henry VII,
17. Mike Rosen,The Travels of Marco Polo,
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