| Index of medieval people in this section |
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 | Ranulf (Earl of Chester 1129-53)
| | Ranulf (the Crusader)
| | Raphael
| | Raymond (IV, Count of Toulouse)
| | Raymond (VI, Count of Toulouse)
| | Raymond (VII, Count of Toulouse)
| | Reginald (Duke of Guelderland)
| | Reyns, Henry de (Master)
| | Richard (Duke of York)
| | Richard (Duke of York, Prince in the Tower)
| | Richard (Earl of Cambridge)
| | Richard (Earl of Cornwall)
| | Richard (I, Count of Normandy)
| | Richard (I, King of England 1189-1199)
| | Richard (II, Duke of Normandy)
| | RICHARD (II, King of England 1377-1399)
| | RICHARD (III, Duke of Normandy)
| | Richard (III, King of England 1483-1485)
| | Robert (Count of Mortain)
| | Robert (Earl of Gloucester)
| | Robert (I, Duke of Normandy 1027-35)
| | Robert (II, Duke of Normandy 1087-1106)
| | Robert (II, King of the Scots 1371-1390)
| | Robert (III, King of Scotland 1390-1406)
| | Robert (of Belleme, Earl of Shrewsbury)
| | Robert (of Jumieges, Archbishop of Canterbury)
| | Robert (The Pious, King of France 996-1031)
| | Robin (of Redesdale)
| | Roches, Peter Des
| | Roger (of Caen)
| | Rollo (Rolf or HRolf)
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Ranulf (Earl of Chester 1129-53) |
Died: 1153 |
 nformation to follow.
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Ranulf (the Crusader) |
Died: 1232 |
 he sixth Earl of Cheshire, and the only son of Hugh, the fifth. Ranulf married Constance of Brittany in 1188, the widow of King Henry II's son Geoffrey who died in 1186. Ranulf not only had ownership of a very rich area of the country, but he also became related to the king of England. In 1218 he joined the Fifth Crusade, but returned in 1220. Once back in England, Ranulf's experiences of castle building abroad helped him design and begin construction of the castle at Beeston. He did not live to see it completed.
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Raphael |
Born: 1483 Died: 1529 |
 aphael was one of the great Italian painters. He was the son of a painter and was born in Urbino, in the Marche region of Italy. In 1504 he went to Florence and in 1508 he was invited to go to Rome by Pope Julius II.
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Raymond (IV, Count of Toulouse) |
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 rich Crusader from southern France who left on crusade in October 1096 swearing an oath never to return. He kept to his oath.
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| 1096 |
Oct |
Raymond starts his crusade
| Constantinople |
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While the People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit was being crushed in the Holy Land, preparations for the First Crusade carried on in Europe. Those leaders involved were Raymond of Toulouse, Hughes Count of Vermandois, Robert Count of Flanders, Robert Duke of Normandy and Etienne Count of Blois. The leaders arranged to meet at Constantinople and set off taking different routes. Some followed the path across Europe taken by Peter the Hermit, while others took a more southerly routes via the Alps and the Adriatic. |
| 1097 |
Apr |
Crusaders reach Constantinople
| Constantinople |
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When the crusaders arrived at Constantinople they were greeted by Emperor Alexius. The Emperor was happy for the crusaders to capture areas of the Holy Land but he wanted the land to be under his control. Alexius persuaded the Leaders of the crusaders to swear an oath of allegiance to him and to hand over the land they captured. They could however be allowed to live on and rule that land but not own it. |
| 1109 |
Jul 12 |
Fall of Tripoli
| Tripoli, Libya |
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After a siege lasting many years Tripoli fell to the Crusaders. The Banu Ammar Emirs had an important library in the city but it was attacked and all the books were destroyed. The Crusader state of Tripoli was then founded, the last of the Crusader states. Bertrand of Toulouse, the son of Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, became the ruler of the state alongside William-Jordan.3 |
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Raymond (VI, Count of Toulouse) |
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 layed an important part in the Albigensian Crusade along with his son, Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse.
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Raymond (VII, Count of Toulouse) |
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layed an important part in the Albigensian Crusade along with his father, Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse.
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 Raymond (VII, Count of Toulouse)
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Reginald (Duke of Guelderland) |
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 arried Eleanor, daughter of Edward II
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 enry de Reyns was the King's Master Mason during the reign of King Henry III. In 1245 he assisted in the redesign of Westminster Abbey in the Early English Gothic style. This included the Chapter House. He was succeeded by John of Gloucester in 1253. It is not known whether Henry was French or English.
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Richard (Duke of York, Prince in the Tower) |
Died: 1483 |
ichard was the son of Edward IV, King of England. Richard's elder brother was called Edward who became king of England as Edward V in April of 1483 after the death of their father. Edward V was only thirteen years old when he became king and too young to rule unaided. Richard and Edward's uncle was Richard, Duke of Gloucester (the future king of England, Richard III). Gloucester stepped in to assist the two young boys and transferred them to the Tower of London for safe keeping. Unfortunately for the two boys Gloucester had his own plans of becoming king of England and mysteriously the boys disappeared supposedly murdered in the Tower. Although it has never been proven it is suspected that Gloucester had the two boys killed so he could become the king as Richard III.
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Richard (Duke of York, Prince in the Tower) ( - d.1483)
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| 1472 - 1483
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Ludlow home for the two princes
| Ludlow Castle
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The young Prince of Wales and his brother lived at Ludlow Castle. |
| 1478 |
Jan 15 |
Marriage of Richard, duke of York
| Westminster Abbey
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Richard, duke of York, married Anne Mowbray, daughter of the Duke of Norfolk, at Westminster. The two were only children. Anne died in 1481 at the age of 8 or 9.
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| 1483 |
Jul |
Murder of Princes in the Tower
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At some point the young king Edward V and his brother Richard disappeared. Whether they were murdered in the Tower of London and by whom is not known, but they were not seen of again. Later, in 1499, a man called Perkin Warbeck appeared in Ireland and claims were made that he was really Richard, one of the princes. |
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Richard (Earl of Cambridge) |
Died: 1415 |
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 Richard (Earl of Cambridge) ( - d.1415)
+Mortimer, Anne (daughter of Roger, Earl of March)
=Richard (Duke of York) (b.1411 - d.1460)
+Neville, Cecily (Duchess of York) ( - d.1495)
=Edward (IV, Earl of March and King of England 1461-1470, 1471-1483) (b.1442 - d.1483)
| +Woodville, Elizabeth ( - d.1492)
| =Elizabeth (of York) ( - d.1503)
| =Edward (V, King of England 1483) (b.1470 - d.1483)
| =Richard (Duke of York, Prince in the Tower) ( - d.1483)
| =Cecily (Daughter of Edward IV) (b.1469 - d.1507)
=George (Duke of Clarence) (b.1449 - d.1478)
| +Neville, Isabel ( - d.1476)
| =Plantagenet, Edward (Earl of Warwick) ( - d.1499)
| =Margaret (Countess of Salisbury) ( - d.1541)
=Richard (III, King of England 1483-1485) (b.1452 - d.1485)
| +Neville, Anne ( - d.1485)
| =Edward (Prince of Wales, son of Richard III) (b.1473 - d.1484)
=Elizabeth (Daughter of Richard, Duke of York)
| +Pole, John de la (Duke of Suffolk) ( - d.1491)
| =Pole, John de la (Earl of Lincoln) ( - d.1487)
| =Pole, Edmund de la (Earl of Suffolk) ( - d.1513)
| =Pole, Richard de la ( - d.1525)
=Margaret (of York, sister of Edward IV) (b.1446 - )
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| 1415 |
Aug 1 |
Plot to overthrow the King
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Led by Richard Earl of Cambridge, Henry's cousin, a plot to assassinate the King and replace him with the Earl of March who was the true heir to the throne was hatched. The revolt brought together all the old enemies of Henry including Lord Scrope (Archbishop Scrope's nephew) and the Lollards. The Earl of March whose loyalties were with the king informed Henry of the plot the night before and the rebels were arrested. Several were executed. |
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Richard (Earl of Cornwall) |
Born: 1209 Died: 1272 |
 on of King John. Becomes Earl of Cornwall.
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Richard (Earl of Cornwall) (b.1209 - d.1272)
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| 1242 |
Oct |
Earl Richard's vow
| Hailes Abbey
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During a violent storm at sea, Richard, Earl of Cornwall, vowed to build a Religious house if he survived. He did survive and as a result Hailes Abbey was built. |
| 1251 |
Nov 5 |
Dedication of Hailes Abbey
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The King and Queen, with Richard, Earl of Cornwall (the King's brother) were at Hailes Abbey for its dedication ceremony. |
| 1270 |
Sep 14 |
Relic given to Hailes Abbey
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A phial containing the blood of Jesus was presented to abbey of Hailes by the son of Richard, Earl of Cornwall. The phial had been guaranteed by the Patriarch of Jerusalem and had been bought from the Count of Flanders in 1267. A section of the abbey was rebuilt to hold the relic, and it was held in a purpose built shrine. A similar relic had been presented to the King, Henry III several years before in 1247. |
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Richard (I, Count of Normandy) |
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ichard I, Count of Normandy from 942 to 996.
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Richard (I, Count of Normandy)
+Gunnor
=Richard (II, Duke of Normandy)
| +Judith
| =RICHARD (III, Duke of Normandy) ( - d.1027)
| =Robert (I, Duke of Normandy 1027-35) ( - d.1035)
| | +Herleva
| | =WILLIAM (I, the Conqueror, King of England 1066-1087) (b.1028 - d.1087)
| =William (Monk of Fecamp)
| =Alice (Daughter of Richard II, Duke of Normandy)
| =Eleanor (Daughter of Richard II, Duke of Normandy)
=Emma (of Normandy, Wife of Aethelred) (b.982 - d.1052)
+AETHELRED (II The Unready, King of the English 978-1013, 1014-1016) (b.967 - d.1016)
| =EDWARD (The Confessor, King of England 1042-1066) (b.1003 - d.1066)
| | +Edith (Daughter of Godwine)
| =Alfred (Second son of Aethelred) ( - d.1036)
| =Godgifu (Daughter of Aethelred)
| +Eustace (II, Count of Boulogne) ( - d.1093)
+CANUTE (King of England 1016-1035) (b.995 - d.1035)
=HARTHACNUT (King of England 1040-1042) (b.1018 - d.1042)
=Gunhildr
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| 1002 |
Nov |
Aethelred marries Emma
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Aethelred paid the Vikings a sum of £24,000 to try and stop further invasions. In an attempt to strengthen his position against the Vikings he married Emma, the daughter of Richard Duke of Normandy. Aethelred also ordered the murder of all Danes in England but some escaped to report back. Not surprisingly the Viking attacks started again.4 |
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Richard (II, Duke of Normandy) |
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ichard II was the Duke of Normandy from 996 to 1026 and also grandfather of William the Conqueror. (More details when I can find some)
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Richard (II, Duke of Normandy)
+Judith
=RICHARD (III, Duke of Normandy) ( - d.1027)
=Robert (I, Duke of Normandy 1027-35) ( - d.1035)
| +Herleva
| =WILLIAM (I, the Conqueror, King of England 1066-1087) (b.1028 - d.1087)
| +Matilda (of Flander) ( - d.1083)
| =Robert (II, Duke of Normandy 1087-1106) ( - d.1134)
| =Richard (Son of William the Conqueror)
| =WILLIAM (II, Rufus, King of England 1087-1100) (b.1057 - d.1100)
| =Plantagenet, Henry (I, King of England 1100-1135) (b.1068 - d.1135)
| =Cecilia (Daughter of William the Conqueror)
| =Constance (Daughter of William the Conqueror)
| =Adela (Daughter of William the Conqueror) ( - d.1137)
=William (Monk of Fecamp)
=Alice (Daughter of Richard II, Duke of Normandy)
=Eleanor (Daughter of Richard II, Duke of Normandy)
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| 997 |
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Peasant's Revolt in Normandy
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The peasants in Normandy rose up against their masters including the Count of Evreux, the uncle of Richard II, the Duke of Normandy. The revolt failed when the leaders were captured and executed. 2 |
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RICHARD (III, Duke of Normandy) |
Died: 1027 |
on of Richard II, Duke of Normandy. He was Duke for just one year, and was followed by his brother, Robert I.
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RICHARD (III, Duke of Normandy) ( - d.1027)
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Robert (Count of Mortain) |
Born: 1060 Died: 1095 |
on of Herleva and Herluin de Conteville.
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Robert (Count of Mortain) (b.1060 - d.1095)
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| 1106 |
Sep 28 |
Henry attacks his brother again
| Cardiff Castle
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Henry attacked his brother at the battle of Tinchebrai. This time with a much larger force Henry defeated and captured Robert along with the Count of Mortain. Henry locked Robert in Cardiff castle where he remained until he died in 1135. |
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Robert (Earl of Gloucester) |
Died: 1147 |
he Illegitimate son of Henry I, King of England. Robert was the chief supporter of his step-sister Matilda's claim to the English throne during the civil war with King Stephen.
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| 1138 |
May |
Robert sides with Matilda
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Robert, the Earl of Gloucester announces that he will assist Matilda, his step-sister in her claim for the English throne.5 |
| 1141 |
Sep 14 |
Rout of Winchester
| Wolvesey Castle |
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Matilda's forces were besieging a royalist held castle at Wolvesey near Winchester and were attacked and defeated by a royalist relief army. King Stephen who was being held captive at the time was exchanged for Robert, earl of Gloucester one of Matilda's supporters who was captured in the defeat. |
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Nov |
Exchange of King Stephen and Gloucester
| Rochester Castle
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Robert, Earl of Gloucester was held captive at Rochester Castle before being exchanged for King Stephen who had been captured earlier in the year at Lincoln. |
| 1144 |
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Construction of Faringdon Castle
| Faringdon Castle |
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Built by Robert, Earl of Gloucester. The castle soon came under siege by King Stephen who after four days took the castle and destroyed it.6 |
| 1147 |
Oct 31 |
Robert, Earl of Gloucester dies
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The death of Robert was a blow to Matilda's attempts to fight for the English throne. Matilda was to leave England shortly afterwards. |
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Robert (I, Duke of Normandy 1027-35) |
Died: 1035 |
obert was the Duke of Normandy from 1027 to 1035. He was the second son of Richard II. He succeeded his brother Richard III, who was Duke for only one year, a fact that may indicate that Richard III may have been murdered. Robert was the father of William the Conqueror. William's mother was Herleva who Robert did not marry. Robert faced problems as soon as he succeeded his brother, facing conflicts with Robert of Rouen and Bishop Hugh of Bayeux, both churchmen who owned large amounts of land. He defeated Hugh and came to a compromise with Robert.
Robert was not slow in assisting both the French King Henry I, and the English monarchy in times of trouble. He gave refuge to Edward and Albert two brothers. Edward was to become 'The Confessor', and was to promise the English throne to Robert's son William. In 1035, Robert travelled to the Holy lands on pilgrimage but before he left, he made sure that William would become Duke of Normandy if he didn't return. He needed to have this confirmed, as William was illegitimate. As it was, Robert was killed returning from Jerusalem, and so the eight year old William became Duke. William's first years were in a duchy transformed by civil war after the death of Robert. |
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Robert (I, Duke of Normandy 1027-35) ( - d.1035)
+Herleva
=WILLIAM (I, the Conqueror, King of England 1066-1087) (b.1028 - d.1087)
+Matilda (of Flander) ( - d.1083)
=Robert (II, Duke of Normandy 1087-1106) ( - d.1134)
| +Sybilla (of Conversano)
| =Clito, William ( - d.1128)
=Richard (Son of William the Conqueror)
=WILLIAM (II, Rufus, King of England 1087-1100) (b.1057 - d.1100)
=Plantagenet, Henry (I, King of England 1100-1135) (b.1068 - d.1135)
| +Matilda Edith (of Scotland)
| | =William (Adelin) (b.1103 - d.1120)
| | =Matilda (Daughter of Henry I) (b.1102 - d.1167)
| +Adeliza (of Louvain) ( - d.1151)
=Cecilia (Daughter of William the Conqueror)
=Constance (Daughter of William the Conqueror)
=Adela (Daughter of William the Conqueror) ( - d.1137)
+Stephen (count of Blois)
=Theobald (V)
=Stephen (of Blois, king of England 1135-1154) (b.1100 - d.1154)
=Henry (of Blois, Bishop of Winchester) ( - d.1171)
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| 1033 |
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Robert Assists English and French Kings
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Robert I, Duke of Normandy was an ally of the French King Henry I and also assisted the two English brothers Edward (to become Edward the Confessor) and Alfred, sons of Aethelred King of the English who was over thrown by Canute in 1016. Robert may had tried to assist Edward and Albert in their attempts to retake the English throne back from Canute. It may have been for this assistance that Edward was to promise Robert's son William (the Conqueror) the future crown of England.7 |
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Robert (II, Duke of Normandy 1087-1106) |
Died: 1134 |
 irst son of William the Conqueror.
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| 1063 |
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William invades and captures Maine
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Some years earlier William had supported the exiled Count Herbert of Maine when Geoffrey Martel invaded the province and captured its main town Le Mans. As part of the pact William and Herbert agreed that if Herbert died without an heir the province could be claimed by William. William's eldest son Robert Curthose was betrothed to Herbert's daughter (Margaret?) but she died before they could be married. When Herbert died William claimed Maine in the name of his son and invaded. Robert was made Count of Maine when the province was captured.8 |
| 1088 |
Feb |
Revolt against William Rufus
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Many Norman barons held land both in England and Normandy. With two opposing lords, William in England and Robert in Normandy, the barons were finding it difficult to know who to support. A revolt led by Odo sprung up in England with the aim of removing William from the throne. Odo's revolt in Kent and Sussex was supported by barons across the country. Roger Bigod from Norwich and Geoffrey of Coutances and Robert Mowbray from Bristol supported Odo. In Worcestershire Roger de Lacy captured Hereford and attacked Worcester. In the south-east Roger Montgomery at Arundel Robert Mortain at Pevensey and Gilbert de Clare at Tonbridge also prepared to fight the King. Robert of Belleme, a Norman baron, who was able to bring support from Normandy. Robert also controlled castles in the Welsh Marches where the revolt also took place. |
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Apr |
Pevensey Castle siege
| Pevensey Castle
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William Rufus lay siege to Pevensey Castle where Odo had taken shelter with Robert of Mortain. The siege lasted for six weeks. Robert, the Duke of Normandy, sent a force to support the rebels at Pevensey but they were unable to land because the King had made sure the ports were well guarded. Robert admitted defeat and withdrew his support for the rebels. Odo had little choice, other than that to starve, and surrendered to the King. Odo agreed to go to Rochester where he would convince the rebels to accept William Rufus as the rightful King of England. |
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May |
William puts down the revolt
| Rochester Castle
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Odo was accompanied to Rochester Castle by an escort but When they reached the castle the rebels captured the escort and refused to accept William Rufus as their King. Again William called for the people of England to support him against the rebels and together they lay siege to the castle. Odo surrendered when it was agreed that those in the castle would have their lives spared if the they came out. Odo and the rebels were allowed to leave but their lands in England were taken from them. Odo went into exiled in Normandy. |
| 1096 |
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William buys Normandy
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Robert of Normandy became under pressure from William who laid claim to Normandy. William was gaining support from some Norman barons and Robert took the opportunity to leave Normandy to answer Pope Urban II's call for a Crusade. Robert agreed that William could lease Normandy for three years for a sum of 10,000 marks. This money would help him fund the expedition. |
| 1101 |
Feb |
Robert attempts to take the Crown
| Tower of London
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Ranulf Flambard escaped from the Tower of London and fled to Normandy. There he joined Robert II of Normandy who had just returned from the Crusades. Flambard and Robert planned to take the English throne away from his younger brother Henry I. |
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Jul |
The Treaty of Alton
| Portsmouth |
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Robert Duke of Normandy landed at Portsmouth with an army and marched up to Alton on the way to London. Here he and Henry signed a treaty where Robert gave up his claim to the throne of England in return for 3,000 marks a year. The treaty also ensured that Robert's supporters would not be punished. |
| 1103 |
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Henry let off paying Robert of Normandy
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Robert of Normandy visits Henry and tells him that he does not need to pay Normandy the three thousand marks which he should have, bound by treaty to be paid each year.9 |
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Crops do badly
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Cattle as well as corn and fruit crops did badly this year.9 |
| 1105 |
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Henry attacks his brother
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Henry entered Normandy to take power from this brother Robert whose incapacity to manage the affairs of the region could have had grave consequences. Robert fought back forcing Henry to return to England but not before Henry had gained Caen and Bayeux. |
| 1106 |
Sep 28 |
Henry attacks his brother again
| Cardiff Castle
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Henry attacked his brother at the battle of Tinchebrai. This time with a much larger force Henry defeated and captured Robert along with the Count of Mortain. Henry locked Robert in Cardiff castle where he remained until he died in 1135. |
| 1134 |
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Death of Robert Curthose
| Cardiff Castle
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Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son, died in captivity in Cardiff Castle where he had been locked up since being defeated by his brother in 1106. Robert was buried in Gloucester Cathedral where there is an effigy of him still. |
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Robert (II, King of the Scots 1371-1390) |
Died: 1390 |
obert was the son Walter, the 6th High Steward of Scotland, and Marjorie Bruce the daughter of Robert I, King of the Scots. Robert was born in 1316. Because it was thought that Robert I would die without an male heir it was decided that his daughter's son, Robert, should become king if circumstances did not change. Circumstances did change with the birth of a boy to Robert I's second wife Elizabeth. The boy became David II, king of Scotland after the death of Robert I. It was not until the death of David II in 1371 that Robert, at the age of fifty-five, became King of Scotland. Robert had many children, possibly twenty or more. The marriage to his first wife, Elizabeth Mure, was considered invalid as they were closely related but his second marriage to Euphemia Ross, was declared legal. The problems other the legitimacy of his children would prove to be a source of dispute for his descendants. Robert died at the age of seventy-four and was succeeded by his son John, Earl of Carrick, who took the name Robert III.
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| 1333 |
Jul 19 |
Battle of Halidon Hill
| Berwick Castle |
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Edward had positioned his army on Halidon Hill overlooking Berwick which he had under siege. He choose the location because it allowed him to look out for the Scots who may try and relieve the Scottish who were besieged with the town. A Scottish force tried to get to Berwick put were defeated by Edward's army. Edward III's attacks on Scotland and victory at Halidon Hill put Edward Balliol back on the Scottish throne for four more years. Robert (II), the future King of the Scots, was one of the Scottish commanders at the battle of Halidon Hill.10 |
| 1371 |
Feb |
David II dies and is succeeded by Robert II
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The Stewart dynasty was begun when Robert II took the Scottish throne after the death of David II.11 |
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Mar 27 |
Robert II is crowned at Scone
| Scone |
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Robert II is crowned at Scone. |
| 1390 |
Apr 19 |
Robert III becomes King of the Scots
| Scone |
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Robert II, king of the Scots died at the age of seventy-four and was succeeded by Robert III who ruled from 1390 to 1406. Robert II was buried at Scone Abbey.11 |
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Robert (III, King of Scotland 1390-1406) |
Died: 1406 |
 riginally called John, he used the name Robert when he came to the throne when his father Robert II died in 1390. Robert had been injured by a horse's kick a few years earlier and suffered from a permanent injury. This injury meant Robert was unable to rule unaided and so he was helped by his younger brother also called Robert. The younger brother became duke of Albany and is usually known under this name. Albany became too powerful and after the death of Annabella, the King's wife, he had the King's eldest son David locked up in Falkland Palace where in 1402 he died. In 1406 the King attempted to have James, his next son, transported to France away from Albany's reach but James' ship was attacked by pirates and the boy was captured. James was handed over to the English where he was held a prisoner. The capture of James left King Robert without hope and he died the same year. James was the rightful heir to the Scottish throne but he would not be crowned until his release from the English in 1423.
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| 1337 |
Aug 14 |
Robert III is born at Scone
| Scone |
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Robert (III), the future king of Scotland, was born at Scone. |
| 1390 |
Apr 19 |
Robert III becomes King of the Scots
| Scone |
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Robert II, king of the Scots died at the age of seventy-four and was succeeded by Robert III who ruled from 1390 to 1406. Robert II was buried at Scone Abbey.11 |
| 1400 |
Aug |
Henry invades Scotland
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To stop the Scots raiding the northern borders of England Henry took an army into Scotland. The Scottish king Robert III did not concede defeat and Henry had to resort to minor raids of his own without any real outcome for either side.12 |
| 1402 |
Mar |
Death of David Stewart
| Falkland Palace |
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David, the eldest son of Robert III, King of Scotland, was arrested by his uncle, Robert the duke of Albany and locked up in Falkland Palace where he died in 1402. This led to James I becoming the next king of Scotland. |
| 1406 |
Mar |
James (I) captured by the English
| Rothesay Castle |
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Robert III had fled from the Duke of Albany to Rothesay Castle and had attempted to send his son James to France. English pirates intercepted James and he was sent to London and imprisoned. |
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Apr |
James I of Scotland
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With the death of Robert III, King of the Scots, James I was the new King of Scotland but as he was imprisoned by the English, his brother Robert, acted as Regent until James' release in 1424.11 |
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Apr |
Robert III dies
| Rothesay Castle |
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Robert III, King of Scotland died at Rothesay Castle. His son James, although the rightful heir to the Scottish throne, was not crowned until 1424. |
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Robert (of Belleme, Earl of Shrewsbury) |
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obert was a powerful and evil Norman baron. He already owned several castles in Normandy when in 1098 his brother died in Wales and Robert was given the title of Earl of Shrewsbury. Along with the title came the castles of Shrewsbury and Bridgnorth. Another important castle that came into Robert's possession was Arundel. Robert was an excellent castle architect and his work included Shrewsbury Castle, Bridgnorth Castle and the fortress at Gisor. Robert was involved in several revolts against William Rufus and Henry I. In 1102 Henry started to bring the powerful barons under control. Robert reinforced his castles but they fell to Henry. Robert finally surrendered at Shrewsbury Castle and he was banished to Normandy. Back in Normandy Robert treated his subjects badly. He fell into Henry I's hands again in 1111 and was imprisoned for the rest of his life.
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| 1088 |
Feb |
Revolt against William Rufus
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Many Norman barons held land both in England and Normandy. With two opposing lords, William in England and Robert in Normandy, the barons were finding it difficult to know who to support. A revolt led by Odo sprung up in England with the aim of removing William from the throne. Odo's revolt in Kent and Sussex was supported by barons across the country. Roger Bigod from Norwich and Geoffrey of Coutances and Robert Mowbray from Bristol supported Odo. In Worcestershire Roger de Lacy captured Hereford and attacked Worcester. In the south-east Roger Montgomery at Arundel Robert Mortain at Pevensey and Gilbert de Clare at Tonbridge also prepared to fight the King. Robert of Belleme, a Norman baron, who was able to bring support from Normandy. Robert also controlled castles in the Welsh Marches where the revolt also took place. |
| 1102 |
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Earl Robert of Belleme
| Shrewsbury Castle
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Henry I brings several charges against Robert of Belleme. Robert resists Henry but finally surrenders at Shrewsbury Castle. Robert is exiled.9 |
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Robert (of Jumieges, Archbishop of Canterbury) |
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obert of Jumieges
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| 1050 |
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Robert of Jumieges becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
| Canterbury Cathedral
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Edward appointed the French abbot Robert of Jumieges to the post of Archbishop of Canterbury. |
| 1052 |
Summer |
Stigand becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
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Stigand, Bishop of Winchester, mediated between the Godwines and Edward the Confessor. The Norman Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert of Jumieges, fled the country with other bishops who had been appointed by Edward. Stigand assumed the title of Archbishop of Canterbury. Robert appealed to Leo IX and Stigand was excommunicated (repeated by Victor II & Stephen IX, repealed by Benedict X, reintroduced by Nicholas II and Alexander II). |
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Robert (The Pious, King of France 996-1031) |
Born: circa 970 Died: 20 Jul 1031 |
obert was the son of Hugh Capet, King of France and was born in around 970. Robert was called 'the Pious' due to his devotion to the church but his private life was a little different. Robert's marriage to Rozela, the daughter of the King of Italy, was arranged by his father. Upon Capet's death and his rise the throne Robert dissolved the marriage to Rozela and married Bertha the widow of the count of Blois. The marriage was not welcomed by Pope Gregory V because the two were too closely related. Under the threat of excommunication Robert married Constance of Provence but later tried to dissolve the marriage to again marry Bertha. Constance brought Robert four sons and many problems. Robert made Henry, his eldest son, heir to the French throne but Constance wanted Robert the second youngest to be king. The younger sons, encouraged by their mother, rose up against their father. The one positive outcome was that the youngest son, Raoul, became the Duke of Burgundy and his descendants ruled for three hundred years. The problems caused in Robert's reign by Constance and their sons questioning who should become the next king of France were solved in later reigns when it became the law that the eldest son should be the true heir and no other. Robert attacked the area of Burgundy in an attempt to enlarge his territories and after a war with the state he added the title of Duke of Burgundy. Robert died during the civil war with his sons on the 20th of July, 1031. He was succeeded by his son Henry.
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ysterious leader of a group of rebels who rose up against Edward IV because of his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. The rebels were supported by Richard Neville Earl of Warwick, the Kingmaker.
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| 1469 |
Qtr 1 |
Rebellion of Robin of Redesdale
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A rebellion began early in the year started by a mysterious person calling himself Robin of Redesdale. The motivation for the uprising against the king was his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville and the influence the Woodvilles were having. The rebels were supported by the Earl of Warwick. |
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Jul 26 |
Battle of Edgecote
| Battle of Edgcote |
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Edward's army was insufficient to deal with the rebels alone and he had moved them to Nottingham to wait for a larger army to join them led by Sir William Herbert. Pembroke's army was attacked and defeated by a combined rebel army led by Robin of Redesdale and the Earl of Warwick who had returned from France. The battle took place at Edgecote near Banbury. Sir William Herbert and his brother Richard were captured and executed. |
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 ishop of Winchester and Justiciar.
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| 1214 |
Feb 1 |
Peter Des Roches becomes Justiciar
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John elects Peter Des Roches, the Bishop of Winchester as his Justiciar. Des Roches had supported John through the years of Interdict and was repaid for his loyalty, but he was not popular with the other Barons.14 |
| 1216 |
Oct 28 |
King Henry III Crowned
| Gloucester Cathedral
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King John's eldest son Henry was crowned King Henry III at the abbey church of Gloucester by Peter des Roches the Bishop of Winchester. The Earl of Pembroke, Earl Marshal of England (William Marshal), was declared Regent. |
| 1219 |
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William Marshal dies
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William Marshal is succeeded by Peter de Roches, Bishop of Winchester and Hubert de Burgh who was Justiciary. |
| 1232 |
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Peter des Rievaulx becomes treasurer
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Peter des Rievaulx, the nephew of the Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester, is made treasurer of the Henry III's household and keeper of the king's wardrobe. This moved him into an extremely important position for controlling the king's affairs.15 |
| 1233 |
Qtr 1 |
Baronian rebellion
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With the introduction of Peter de Roches as justiciar and the removal of Hubert de Burgh, the control of the Exchequer was under Poitevin control and possibly reversed the gains created by the Magna Carta in 1215. Henry was given control of central administration. This angered the Barons and a group led by Richard Marshall, Earl of Pembroke opposed the changes. Henry was able to deal with the Barons.16 |
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 hile in Caen Henry I and his elder brother William (Rufus) had entered a church and requested the priest say mass. The priest impressed the two so much with his efficiency that they made him their chaplain. Roger's abilities were such that he also became chancellor, Abbot of Sherborne and Bishop of Salisbury. At Sherborne Roger built an abbey and at Old Sarum he built a new Cathedral. Roger's power and wealth was so great that he also built a castle at Sherborne.
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| 1106 |
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Construction of Kidwelly Castle
| Kidwelly Castle
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Roger, bishop of Salisbury, is granted land in south Wales and started construction of a wooden castle on the banks of the river Gwendraeth. |
| 1139 |
Jun |
Roger, Bishop of Salisbury is arrested
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King Stephen arrested Roger, the Bishop of Salisbury. Bishop Roger was a powerful landowner and had several castles. Stephen also arrested Alexander, the bishop of Lincoln and had him imprisoned. Stephen wanted to take control to bishop Roger's castles and the bishop was taken to his castle at Devizes where he was held captive outside the walls and starved until the castle surrendered. Roger's son was also captured and tortured until the castle finally fell to the King. Roger's castle at Sherborne was also captured by Stephen. The castles at Newark and Sleaford in Lincolnshire belonging to bishop Alexander were forced to surrender to the King using the same underhand tactics. |
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Viking and the founder of the Duchy of Normandy. During the reign of Alfred the Great Rollo could have been a member of the 'Great Heathen Host' who attacked England around 892. His first known whereabouts are in France in 911 where he laid siege to Chartres. The Vikings were beaten on this occasion and the king of France Charles III used his advantage of the situation to persuade the Vikings to stay by offering them land and so help protect France from further Viking raids. Rollo renounced his pagan past and became a Christian. Rollo laid the foundation for the Norman dynasty that ultimately resulted in William the Conqueror invading England in 1066.
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| 911 |
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Rollo founds the Norman Dynasty
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Rollo, in return for land in Northern France, swore allegiance to the French king Charles III. Charles' motives were to use a settled band of Vikings in his country to help prevent more Viking attacks in the future. The hope that Charles may have had of removing the Vikings at a later date proved impossible to implement.4 |
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Selection of references used:
1. Various, The Cistercian Abbeys of Britain, 1998, 0-7134-8392-X 2. Jasper Ridley, The History of England, 1981, 0-7100-0794-9 3. Zoe Oldenbourg, The Crusades 4. Magnus Magnusson, Vikings! 5. G.W.S Barrow, Feudal Britain, 1967 6. John Kinross, Discovering Castles in England and Wales 7. David Bates, William the Conqueror, 0-540-01175-4 8. David Charles Douglas, William the Conqueror: the norman impact upon England 9. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 10. John Harvey, The Black Prince and his age, 0 7134 3148 2 11. Susan Ross, The Castles of Scotland, 0 85097 184 5 12. Peter Earle, The Life and Times of Henry V 13. Duc de Castries, The lives of the Kings and Queens of France, 0 297 77676 2 14. Maurice Ashley, The Life and Times of King John 15. Elizabeth Luckock and Caroline Gundy, Simon de Montfort, 1969, 08 008236 6 16. M.T.Clanchy, England and its Rulers
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