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1450
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Southwell Cathedral West window
The West window of Southwell Cathedral was begun in this year. 1
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Jan
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The Duke of Suffolk is sent to the Tower
The Duke of Suffolk was accused by Parliament of using his position close to the king to influence matters for his and his followers own ends. He was also accused of increasing his own wealth at the expense of the king and perverting the course of justice. Suffolk was murdered on his way to exile in May of the same year.
See Also
Jan
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Murder at Portsmouth
Adam Moleyns, the Bishop of Chichester and Lord Privy Seal, had been sent to Portsmouth by the king to pay the wages of soldiers and sailors who had not been paid for some time. But the anger of the soldiers was so great that they turned on him and he was murdered.2
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Mar 15
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Siege of Valognes
An English army landed at Cherbourg under the command of Sir Thomas Kyriel. Joined by forces led by Matthew Gough the combined army laid siege to Valognes. The town fell to the English in April.
See Also
Apr 15
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Battle of Formigny
An English army under the command of Sir Thomas Kyriel and Matthew Gough were attacked at Formigny in Normandy. The English were defeated and many of them were captured including Kyriel. Matthew Gough managed to escape.3
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May
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Revolt in Kent
Jack Cade was the leader of a rebellion that began in Kent and elsewhere in the south east of England. The rebels' grievances were directed at the king's councillors who were using their influence on the king for their own gains.
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May
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Death of William de la Pole
William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk was accused by Parliament of being the cause of the country's problems. Suffolk was arrested and imprisoned. The King allowed the Duke to be banished rather than executed but as he left the country he was attacked and killed.
See Also
May 16
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Bayeux surrendered to the French
English forces led by Matthew Gough held out at Bayeux against a French siege. The French used powerful cannons and finally Gough agreed to surrender the town to the French.3
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Jun
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London ransacked by the rebels
The rebels under the command of Jack Cade defeated a section of King Henry's army at Sevenoaks and entered London. The rebels ransacked the city and after crossing London Bridge to the south were prevented crossing back to the north by angry Londoners. The rebels were defeated and fled.
See Also
Summer
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Matthew Gough made Captain of the Tower
On his return from Normandy Matthew Gough was made Captain of the Tower of London. Gough was killed in the fighting with Jack Cade and the rebels on London Bridge soon afterwards.3
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Jul
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Jack Cade killed
After the defeat of the rebels in London Jack Cade fled but was pursued. He was caught and killed while resisting arrest.
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Jul
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Surrender of Caen
The Duke of Somerset surrendered the town of Caen to the French after a short siege and he returned to England.2
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Aug 12
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Fall of Cherbourg to the French
The lands in Normandy held by the English began to fall to the French one-by-one until Cherbourg finally fell on August 12th.2
Sep
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Richard returns from Ireland
As a possible heir to throne of England, Richard, Duke of York returned from Ireland where he had been placed as lieutenant by the Duke of Somerset who had possible aspirations of taking the throne for himself. Edmund Beaufort, the Duke of Somerset and his associates were being shown favouritism and Richard along with the Welsh land owners were finding it hard to retain the earnings they were making from their own lands. Richard failed this time in removing the Duke of Somerset.
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1451
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Glasgow University founded
Founded in 1451, Glasgow University is one of the oldest universities in the UK.
Support for Richard in Parliament
Thomas Young, the member of Parliament for Bristol stood up and declared that Richard, Duke of York's claim to the throne should be considered. Thomas Young was quickly arrested and locked up in the Tower of London.
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Birth of Christopher Columbus
The son of a wool weaver, Christopher Columbus was born in the Italian coastal city of Genoa. 4
See Also
Jun 30
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Bordeaux falls to the French
The port city of Bordeaux fell to the French and English control was lost.
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1452
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Feb
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The Duke of York marches on London
The Duke of York gathered an army and marched on London intent on persuading the king to remove Somerset from power, He was refused entry to the city and so continued south across the river Thames.5
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Mar
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The Duke of York surrenders
The Queen had raised an army and with the King they met the Duke of York at Dartford. Outnumbered, York disbanded his army and surrendered to the King. He was taken to London and later at St. Paul's Cathedral he was forced to swear an oath saying he would not oppose the King.5
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Oct 2
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Richard (III) is born
Richard, the future King of England, was born in Fotheringay Castle in Northamptonshire. His father was Richard Duke of York and his mother was Cecily Neville. Richard was their fourth son.
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Nov
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Edmund and Jasper created Earls
The two sons of Owen Tudor, Edmund and Jasper were made Earls. Edmund became the Earl of Richmond and Jasper became the Earl of Pembroke.
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1453
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Turks established in Constantinople
Turks established in Constantinople 6
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Jul
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English defeated at Castillion
Sir John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury and his army were totally destroyed by the French as they attempted to regain control of the region around Bordeaux. This is regarded as the last event in the Hundred Years War.
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Aug
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The King's health suffers
From August 1453 until the end of 1454, the King's mental health was such that he was unable to conduct the day-to-day government of the country. The illness was some kind of mental condition possibly inherited from his grandfather Charles VI of France who also suffered from bouts of madness.
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Oct 13
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Prince Edward of Lancaster is born
Edward of Westminster, also known as Edward of Lancaster, King Henry's and Catherine of France's only son, was born at Westminster.
See Also
Nov
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Somerset sent to the Tower
Edmund Beaufort, the duke of Somerset was unpopular and only kept his position of power with the support of the King. While Henry VI was ill Somerset was sent to the Tower of London.
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1454
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Mar 27
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Richard, Duke of York made Protector
With the King unable to govern, the queen with the support of the powerful Neville Earls gave Richard, Duke of York the position of 'Protector of England'.
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Apr 2
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Earl of Salisbury becomes chancellor
With Richard, Duke of York running the country, several changes were made, one of which was to make the elder Richard Neville chancellor. Richard also made himself the Captain of Calais removing his rival the Earl of Somerset from the post.
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Dec
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Henry's health returns
Henry returned to health and Edward, the Duke of York was removed from the position of Protector.
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1455
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Edmund Tudor marries Margaret Beaufort
Edmund Tudor married Margaret Beaufort, the heiress of the Duke of Somerset. Margaret was only twelve years old. 7
See Also
The Gutenberg Bible
Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the printing press, printed the first Bible. At the time all Bibles were hand copied and prone to errors and amendments making each copy unique. A standard Bible meant all priests would be able to work from the same version of the text. The Gutenberg Bible was also a work of art each page having two columns of text and many pages being illuminated with colourful letters and flowers. 8
Calixtus III becomes Pope
(More...)
Feb
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Somerset released from the Tower
With Henry back in power the Duke of Somerset was released from captivity.
See Also
Mar
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Somerset back in command
Henry's return to sanity swung the balance of power back to favour the Duke of Somerset and he was quickly restored to his former position of Captain of Calais. The Yorkists at this time felt it wise to leave London in fear of reprisals.
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May 21
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The Yorkists are summoned
A council was called and the Edward and Warwick were summoned to attend. Concerned that the reason they have been called to attend was that they would be punished, the Yorkists decided to demand a meeting of their own with the King at St. Albans.
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May 22
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Battle of St. Albans
The King had by his side at St. Albans the Dukes of Somerset and Buckingham, Lords Pembroke, Northumberland and Devon and around 2,000 Lancastrian men. They tried to hold the town against the Yorkists led by Salisbury and Warwick but Warwick was able to enter the town through an unguarded spot and attack the flanks of the Lancastrian barricades. Although this battle was small it left the Duke of Somerset dead along with Lord Northumberland and Clifford. As a result of this victory power again swung to the Yorkists although support from the Barons was not total. Edward again became Protector of the Realm and the powerful position of Captain of Calais was given to the Earl of Warwick.
See Also
Jul
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Parliament held
A Parliament was held after the Battle of St. Albans to confirm the changes of appointment. Richard, Duke of York became protector for the second time.9
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Oct
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Henry VI becomes ill once more
King Henry VI suffered another bout of mental illness. This time to last until February of the following year.9
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1456
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Feb 25
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Duke of York resigns as protector
Henry IV again came around from a bout of mental illness and Richard, Duke of York, was relieved of position of protector of the realm.9
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Summer
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Edmund Tudor captured
Edmund Tudor Earl of Richmond is captured.10
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Nov
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Edmund Tudor dies
Edmund the Earl of Richmond died in captivity in Carmarthen Castle. His thirteen year old bride Margaret was expecting their child who would become the future King Henry VII.
See Also
Dec
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Margaret Beaufort moved to Pembroke
After the death of Edmund Tudor his brother Jasper Tudor Earl of Pembroke moved Margaret Beaufort to Pembroke Castle. Margaret was the wife of Edmund and expecting their first child.10
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1457
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Events occurring at some time during this year
French attack on Sandwich
The coastal town of Sandwich on the south coast of England was raided by the French. The town was left burning and the mayor dead, 9
Jan 28
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Henry (VII) is born
The future king of England, Henry VII, was born at Pembroke Castle. His father was Edmund Tudor who had died a couple of months before the birth and his mother was Margaret Beaufort who was directly descended from Edward III.
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1458
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Warwick fights several naval battles
England's naval power was weak and the waters between France and England were filled with pirates. Sandwich had been attacked by the French the year before. To put an end to this problem, the Earl of Warwick, the Captain of Calais, commanded a fleet of ships to patrol the English Channel. His fleet attacked and captured Spanish and Genoese ships talking prisoners and treasure. This made the Earl popular with the sailors under his command and the traders who the pirates had previously attacked. 9
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Pius II becomes Pope
(More...)
Mar 24
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Loveday march
In an attempt to bring both Yorkists and Lancastrians together in peace, King Henry led a march of both parties to a ceremony at St. Paul's Cathedral. Could have been on the 25th of March.
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1459
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Jun 24
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Great Council
A council at Coventry decided that the Yorkists should be brought under control by the use of force.
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Sep 23
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Battle of Blore Heath
Led by Richard Earl of Salisbury the Yorkists in the north mobilised an army and headed south to meet the Duke of York at Ludlow. Salisbury was intercepted by a Lancastrian army led by Lord Audley at Blore Heath in Shropshire. The Lancastrians were the first to attack. Their first and second cavalry charges were repulsed and when the Lancastrian foot soldiers were also repulsed they turned and fled. In the battle Audley was killed and although two of Salisbury's sons were captured they were quickly released. The Yorkists had won this battle.
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Oct 12
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Battle of Ludford Bridge
The Earl of Warwick with a force from Calais reached Ludlow and the combined army of the Yorkists attacked the King's army at Ludford Bridge near Ludlow. The men from Calais refused to fight their king and a weak Yorkist army was defeated. Richard Duke of York and his younger son escaped and fled to Ireland while Salisbury, Warwick and Edward of March (later Edward IV) fled to Calais.
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Nov
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Parliament acts against the Yorkists
At a Parliament called in Coventry the Yorkists are condemned as rebels and their land was confiscated by the crown.
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1460
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Jun
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Yorkists take control of Kent
After the defeat at Ludford Bridge the Yorkists had dispersed. Having had time to regroup, the Yorkists from Calais led by the Earls of Warwick and March landed on the south coast of England and quickly seized Sandwich.
See Also
Summer
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Queen Margaret flees to Wales
After the Lancastrian defeat at Northampton, Queen Margaret and her son Edward escaped to Wales and the safety of Harlech Castle.5
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Jun 26
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Earls of March and Warwick land in England
Once the Yorkist army had secured Sandwich the Earls of March and Warwick arrived from Calais. They had a force of around 2,000 and the support of the Kentish men.
See Also
Jul 2
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Yorkists enter London
The Yorkists marched first to Canterbury where the officers in charge of protecting the town against them joined forces with the rebels. They then moved on and arrived at London on July 2nd. There they were welcomed by the Mayor of London and the Archbishop of Canterbury.11
See Also
Jul 5
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The Earls of Warwick and March leave London
Accompanied by a large army of Yorkist supporters, the Earl of Warwick and Edward, the Earl of March left London and marched towards Northampton where the King was staying.9
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Jul 10
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Battle of Northampton
The Lancastrians's Court was in Coventry at the time of the Yorkist rebels entering London. When news reached them, the Lancastrians moved south to Northampton to meet the rebels. The Yorkists led by the Earl of Warwick wanted to talk but the Lancastrians led by the Duke of Buckingham wanted to fight. Although the Lancastrians had less men than the Yorkists, they did have control of a stronger position. The Yorkists managed to defeat the Lancastrians due to a section of the Lancastrian army led by Lord Grey of Ruthin moving away allowing the Yorkists through. Orders were given that the King and ordinary men should be spared, while the knights and lords should be killed. When the fighting was over the casualties were light, but the Lancastrian leaders, Buckingham, Shrewsbury and Egremont were dead and the King was captured.
See Also
Jul 19
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Garrison at Tower of London surrenders
The Lancastrian garrison holding the Tower of London surrendered. Lord Scrope tried to escape but was seen and killed by the river, but most of the garrison escaped.9
See Also
Jul 30
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Yorkists in power
Now that the Yorkists had control of the King, they started moves to regain their confiscated lands and reverse the sentences of attainder passed by the Coventry Parliament. To this end they sent letters demanding Parliament should meet on 7th October. George Neville, the Kingmaker's brother was made chancellor of England.
See Also
Aug 3
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James II accidentally killed
Whilst besieging Roxburgh Castle, James II, King of the Scots was killed by one of his own army's bombards. He was succeeded to the throne by his son James III.
Sep
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Richard, Duke of York returns
Richard, Duke of York returned from Ireland arriving somewhere near Chester.
See Also
Oct
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Duke of York claims throne
Richard, Duke of York returned from Ireland to claim the throne of England as a direct descendant of Edward III. The Lords refused to abandon Henry VI and Parliament agreed he should remain King until his death. Then Richard or his heir should become the next king of England.
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Dec 30
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Battle of Wakefield
Queen Margaret had been building an army in the North and started attacking Yorkist held settlements. Richard left London with a small army to deal with the Queen. He had underestimated the Lancastrians and at his castle at Sandal Richard was confronted by superior forces. Although Richard sent word to the Earl of March for assistance he didn't wait and attacked. The battle left Richard Duke of York and his son Earl of Rutland dead.
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1461
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Feb 2
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Battle of Mortimers Cross
Edward Earl of March, now the heir to the English throne, showed off his military skills at the Battle of Mortimer's Cross in Herefordshire. The Lancastrians with Welsh support had caught Edward as he travelled to London. On the morning of the battle three bright lights were seen in the sky. Edward used this strange sight as a good omen. The Lancastrians were defeated and Owen Tudor was captured and beheaded. Jasper Tudor escaped.
See Also
Feb 17
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Second Battle of St. Albans
The Lancastrians army led by the Queen met the Yorkist army led by Warwick at St. Albans. The Yorkist army was split in two and during the battle sections of the Yorkists defected to the Queen's side. The Yorkists were defeated and Warwick escaped. The King, who had been travelling with the Yorkists, was freed and he was reunited with his wife and son.
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Feb 27
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Yorkists enter London
Edward and Warwick were allowed to enter the city of London. The citizens of London had refused to let the Queen enter and so she returned north with the King.
See Also
Mar 4
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Edward IV is proclaimed king
Edward, the Earl of March, was crowned Edward IV of England at London by the available peers and public acclamation.
See Also
Mar 13
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Edward leaves London
Edward IV with a large army left London to march north and face the Lancastrians. Richard and George, the young sons of the late Duke of York were put on a ship and sent to Burgundy where they would be safe from Lancastrian hands.
See Also
Mar 29
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Battle of Towton
This was the bloodiest battle of the War of the Roses and was fought in a snowstorm at Towton in Yorkshire. Both the Lancastrian and Yorkist armies were large having possibly 40,000 men each. The battle lasted many hours until the Lancastrians's line was broken. Fleeing into a river many of the Lancastrians were drowned due to their heavy armour and the rest were killed by the pursuing Yorkists.
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Jun 28
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Edward IV is crowned
The Yorkists were in control after the battle of Towton and Richard and George were brought back to England where they were made Knights of the Order of the Bath. Edward took part in the crown-wearing ceremonies at Westminster Abbey and became King of England. Shortly afterwards his younger brother George was given the title of Duke of Clarence.
See Also
Jul 22
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Death of Charles VII
Charles VII died in July of 1461 after a long illness resulting in an abscess in his mouth that meant he could not eat or drink. Louis, his on, had refused to
see his dying father, but as soon as he learnt of the King's death Louis headed to Rheims and Paris to claim the French throne.12
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Aug
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Edward on a royal tour
Edward began a tour of the south and west of England visiting the Welsh Marches and the midlands.
See Also
Aug 15
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Louis XI crowned King of France
Louis and his wife were crowned at Rheims Cathedral.
See Also
Sep
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Pembroke Castle captured
Pembroke Castle was captured by William Herbert. The young Henry Tudor was found in the castle where he had been hiding.5
See Also
Nov
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Richard (III) becomes Duke of Gloucester
Richard (III) was give the title of Duke of Gloucester.
See Also
Nov
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Pembroke Castle in Yorkist hands
William Herbert was given the castle at Pembroke in recognition of his assistance to Edward IV. Herbert was made the guardian of the future Henry VII who was living at the castle.
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1462
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Jun 28
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Queen Margaret and Louis XI
Queen Margaret of England and Louis XI of France sign a treaty. Margaret promised that Calais would be his if he helped her return Henry to the throne.13
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Oct 25
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Queen Margaret invades
Queen Margaret landed near Bamburgh Castle on the Northumbrian coast with a small army. The main castles in the area, Alnwick, Bamburgh and Dunstanburgh surrendered to the Queen.13
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Nov 13
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Queen Margaret retreats to Scotland
Edward acted quickly to Queen Margaret's arrival in the north. He raised a large army that marched towards Northumbria. Queen Margaret did not have the resources and local support required to fight Edward and so she decided to seek refuge in Scotland. A garrison of soldiers were left at the three Northumbrian castles.
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Dec
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Yorkists take back control of Northumbrian castles
The Earl of Warwick was put in charge of capturing the castles from the Lancastrian garrisons. Edward had to stay at Durham to recover from a bout of the measles. The castles were not attacked but cut off from supplies to starve the soldiers out. Just before the new year the Lancastrian soldiers surrendered and the Yorkists took control of Alnwick, Bamburgh and Dunstanburgh Castles.
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1463
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Norwich third spire destroyed
Lightning once again hit the wooden and lead spire at Norwich Cathedral causing a fire that spread to the roof. After this disaster stone was used in the roof to provide vaulting and used in the new spire to replace the wood. 14
See Also
Mar
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Northumbrian castles fall to Lancastrians
Sir Ralph Percy, the constable in charge of Bamburgh and Dunstanburgh castles, defected and allowed the Lancastrians to take control. Alnwick Castle fell to the Lancastrians shortly afterwards.
See Also
May
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Alnwick Castle in Lancastrian hands
Alnwick Castle was captured by the Lancastrians.3
See Also
Jul
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Queen Margaret returns to France
Warwick took an army north to deal with the new threat from Queen Margaret. The Yorkists again proved too powerful for the Lancastrians and with her invasion plans in ruin Margaret decided to return to France. She took Prince Edward with her.5
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Jul
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Siege of Norham Castle
Queen Margaret, Henry VI and Scottish support besieged the castle at Norham. King Edward failed to react to the problem and it was left to the Earls of Warwick and Northumberland to come to the castle's rescue. Henry, Margaret and the Scots fled.
See Also
Oct
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Treaty with France
Edward agreed a treaty with France in which both sides promising not to assist each others enemies.
See Also
Dec
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Duke of Somerset rebels
Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Lancastrian supporters rebelled against Edward and used Bamburgh Castle as a base.
See Also
Dec
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English Truce with Scotland
Edward IV agreed a truce with Scotland who had lost interest in fighting for the Lancastrians and Queen Margaret. The truce was signed at York and Edward spent Christmas in the city.
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1464
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Paul II becomes Pope
(More...)
Apr
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Battle of Hedgeley Moor
Battle of Hedgeley Moor13
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May
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Edward secretly marries
Edward married Elizabeth Woodville (Wydville) secretly during a hunting trip. The hunting trip that may have been arranged as a cover. Edward is supposed to have had a reputation as a lady's man and had many lovers. To Edward, Elizabeth could have been just another lover, but Elizabeth may have wanted more and persuaded Edward to marry her. The marriage took place in secret and was kept quiet until the spring of 1465. One problem with the marriage was that Elizabeth was the widow of Henry V's brother John, a Lancastrian and her family were Lancastrian supporters. The other problem was that Warwick had contacted the French king Louis XI and had been trying to arrange a marriage for Edward to a French princess. Edward's act upset Warwick's plans.
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May
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Battle of Hexham
The Nevilles defeated the last of the Lancastrian forces near Hexham and executed the rebels including Henry Beaufort the Duke of Somerset. In recognition of their contribution to the security of his reign Edward IV gave John Neville, Lord Montagu, the title of Earl of Northumberland and George Neville became the Archbishop of York.
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Jun
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Truce with Scotland.
Anglo-Scots truce signed at York.13
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Jun
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Herbert becomes Constable of Harlech
Could be 1463. William Herbert was given the title of Constable of Harlech Castle.3
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Sep 14
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Council at Reading
Great Council at Reading Abbey; Edward IV announced his marriage and (29.9 - Michaelmas) Elizabeth recognised as Queen.13
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1465
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May 26
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Elizabeth crowned
Elizabeth Woodville was finally crowned Queen at Westminster Abbey.
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Summer
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Henry VI captured
Henry had been helped by Lancastrian supporters in the north but was finally captured at Waddington Hall. He was taken to London and put in the Tower.
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1466
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Feb 11
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Birth of Edward IV's first daughter
First daughter, Elizabeth, born to Edward IV and Elizabeth; a second daughter, Mary, was born 11.8.1467.
13
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1468
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Canterbury Lady Chapel Vault
Canterbury Lady Chapel Vault built. 1
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Orkney pledged to Scotland
The islands of Orkney were pledged to James III of Scotland in part payment of the dowry for the marriage of James to the daughter of King Christian I of Norway. 13
See Also
Summer
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Margaret marries Duke of Burgundy
Edward arranged for his sister Margaret to marry Charles the Duke of Burgundy. Burgundy had for some time been a supporter of the Yorkists and this marriage strengthened the bond. For Warwick, this was a disaster. Warwick had been attempting to make an alliance with France and that was not about to happen.
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Qtr 4
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Warwick plots against the King
Warwick was unhappy with the marriage of Edward and Elizabeth Woodville and he began to plan how overthrow the king. Warwick's plans centred around Edward's brother George, the Duke of Clarence. If George was to marry Warwick's daughter Isabel and become king, Warwick would be back in a position of power.
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1469
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Qtr 1
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Rebellion of Robin of Redesdale
A rebellion began early in the year started by a mysterious person calling himself Robin of Redesdale. The motivation for the uprising against the king was his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville and the influence the Woodvilles were having. The rebels were supported by the Earl of Warwick.
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Jun
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Edward advances against rebels
Edward and the Duke of Gloucester took a small army in search of the rebels in the North.
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Jul
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Clarence marries Isabel Neville
Warwick and the Duke of Clarence travelled to France where Clarence was married to Warwick's fifteen year old daughter Isabel. The ceremony was conducted by Warwick's brother George Neville the Archbishop of York.
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Jul 26
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Battle of Edgecote
Edward's army was insufficient to deal with the rebels alone and he had moved them to Nottingham to wait for a larger army to join them led by Sir William Herbert. Pembroke's army was attacked and defeated by a combined rebel army led by Robin of Redesdale and the Earl of Warwick who had returned from France. The battle took place at Edgecote near Banbury. Sir William Herbert and his brother Richard were captured and executed.
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Jul 29
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Edward is captured
After the defeat of William Herbert at Edgecote, Edward was left without a strong enough army to deal with the Earl of Warwick. Either Edward's army deserted him, or he dispersed his army on purpose, the outcome was the same. Edward was captured.
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Aug
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Woodville family members executed
While Edward was imprisoned, Warwick captured the Queen's father (Earl Rivers) and one of her brothers and had them executed at Warwick Castle.
See Also
Sep
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Riots and rebellions
With the king in custody there began a series of riots around the country protesting against the Earl of Warwick. Warwick did not have the backing of Parliament and in the end had little choice but to let Edward go free and return to rule the country.
See Also
Qtr 4
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Richard appointed Constable of England
Richard (III) was given the role of Constable of England and was given Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire.15
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1470
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Events occurring at some time during this year
York Minster north-west tower
Building work on the north-west tower of York Minster until 1474. 1
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'Le Morte d'Arthur'
The book about the legend of King Arthur called 'Le Morte d'Arthur' was written by Sir Thomas Mallory. 13
See Also
First printing press in France
The first printing press was operating in France in the Sorbonne, the university in Paris. 16
Marriage of Edward of Lancaster and Anne Neville
The marriage between Edward of Lancaster, the son of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou, to Anne Neville, the daughter of Richard Neville the Kingmaker was a marriage to cement the agreement that Richard and Margaret would support each other and try to get Henry VI back on the English throne. The marriage took place in France where Margaret and Edward were exiled.
See Also
Mar 12
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Lincolnshire rebellion
A rebellion had begun in Lincolnshire early in the year and had been mostly been dealt with by Edward, but Sir Robert (Welles ?) had escaped capture and was still on the run. Edward finally caught up with Sir Robert near Stamford in Lincolnshire. In the battle known as Empingham (or Lose-Coat), Sir Robert was captured and confessed that the rebellion had been master-minded by the Earl of Warwick and the Duke of Clarence.
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Mar 20
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Battle of Nibley Green
The private battle in 1469 or 1470 was fought between William Berkeley and Thomas Talbot Lord Lisle over the inheritance of the Berkeley estate. The original dispute arose some fifty years earlier when Thomas Berkeley died and his inheritance was disputed by his daughter and nephew James Berkeley. William Berkeley, the son of James, won the battle leaving Lord Lisle dead on the battlefield.17
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May
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Warwick and Clarence escape to France
After their treachery had been uncovered, the Earl of Warwick and Duke of Clarence fled to France. Warwick's plan was to get help from the French King.15
See Also
Jul 22
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Warwick and the Lancastrians
Louis XI, the French King devised a plan to remove Edward IV from the English throne. Louis persuaded the Earl of Warwick (a Yorkist) and Margaret of Anjou the exiled wife of Henry VI (a Lancastrian) to combine forces and attempt to over through Edward. Warwick and Margaret met on 22 July at Anger Cathedral to put their differences aside and to agree on a course of action.
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Jul 31
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The plan to restore Henry VI
Warwick promised to restore Henry VI to the English throne, and he betrothed his youngest daughter Anne to Margaret's son Edward, the Prince of Wales.
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Sep 13
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Warwick lands in England
The Earl of Warwick landed at Dartmouth in Devon accompanied by the Lancastrian Earl of Oxford and Jasper Tudor, the half-brother of Henry VI. Edward was in the north at the time of Warwick's return and was turned upon by John Neville, Warwick's brother. Although John Neville had accepted Edward as King, Edward had removed John's title of Earl of Northumberland earlier in the year and given it to the Percys.15
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Oct
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Henry restored as King
Henry VI was released from the Tower of London by the Earl of Warwick and crowned King of England for the second time.
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Oct 2
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Edward flees to Burgundy
Warwick did not need to fight the King. Edward was outnumbered and was almost captured by John Neville at Doncaster. Along with his brother Richard and a small party of followers, Edward travelled to Lynn in Norfolk where he sailed to Burgundy and refuge.15
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Qtr 4
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Edward (V) is born
Edward IV's wife Elizabeth gave birth to her first son. Elizabeth had taken refuge at Westminster Abbey after the King had fled to Burgundy.
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Qtr 4
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Louis declares war on Burgundy
Edward IV had taken refuge with his brother-in-law Charles, the Duke of Burgundy. Louis of France declared war on Burgundy forcing the Duke to support Edward in his attempt to reclaim the English throne.15
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1471
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Sixtus IV becomes King of Denmark
(More...)
Jan
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Support for Edward IV
Edward IV and Charles of Burgundy met at Aire where an agreement was reached on support for Edward's return to his throne.13
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Mar 14
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Edward returns to England
With a small combined force of English and Burgundians, Edward landed on the Yorkshire coast. His fleet had been hit and scattered by a storm off the coast of Norfolk. Luckily for Edward he wasn't attacked even though Lord Montagu, the Earl of Northumberland, was close by. As he marched south, Edward gained supporters and his army grew.15
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Apr 4
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Clarence rejoins his brothers
George, Duke of Clarence deserted the Earl of Warwick and joined his brothers Edward and Richard. Importantly for the Yorkist cause, he brought with him a sizable army.15
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Apr 11
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London opens its gates to Edward and the Yorkists
The Earl of Warwick was in Coventry and apparently unwilling to confront Edward, so Edward and Richard marched south to London. London was under the control of Warwick's brother, George Neville the Archbishop of York, but the Londoners were Yorkists and they welcomed the return of their true king. Once inside the city Edward had the Archbishop arrested and along with King Henry VI put in the Tower of London.
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Apr 14
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The Battle of Barnet
The Earl of Warwick had left Coventry to confront Edward. The armies met at Barnet just north of London in thick fog. The two battle lines overlapped and Warwick's Lancastrian men commanded by the Earl of Oxford were able to get around the Yorkists commanded by Lord Hastings. Hastings' men fled back to London with Oxford's men in hot pursuit. On the other side of the battle the Yorkists, led by Richard, were outflanking the Lancastrians and took the advantage pushing their enemy back. When Oxford's men returned to the battle they were mistakenly fired upon by their fellow Lancastrians and fled. By early evening Lord Montagu and the Earl of Warwick were dead. The Lancastrians were defeated.
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Apr 14
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Queen Margaret lands at Weymouth
Queen Margaret (wife of Henry VI) and her son Edward the prince of Wales landed at Weymouth on the very same day as the battle of Barnet. Their intention was to assist the Earl of Warwick, but she arrived too late. Determined to avenge the Barnet defeat, the Queen and her army marched north towards Wales and men she could count on to join her army. Edward had thought of this and to cut the Queen off from Wales, had taken control of the bridges across the River Severn.
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May
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London attacked by rebels
A group of men from Kent attacked London but left the city before the victorious Edward returned after the battle of Tewkesbury.
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May 4
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The Battle of Tewkesbury
The Yorkists led by Edward and Richard met the Lancastrians at Tewkesbury. Richard was able to outflank the Lancastrians led by Edmund Beaufort, the self-proclaimed Duke of Somerset. Once Somerset's men had been dealt with, Richard attacked the rear of the Lancastrian line which broke apart and fled. Many of the Lancastrian leaders were caught and killed including Edward the Prince of Wales. Margaret of Anjou was also captured.
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May 21
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The murder of Henry VI
Edward arrived back in London and that night Henry VI was murdered at the Tower of London.
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Qtr 3
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Richard becomes Lord of the North
Richard (III) was given the task of bringing the north of the country under control. The conflicts between the Lancastrians and Yorkists over the previous few years had left the northern counties without any effective rulers resulting in lawlessness and unopposed Scottish raids. Richard was given the lands that the Earl of Warwick had previously possessed and he made his base at Middleham Castle.
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1472
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Ludlow home for the two princes
The young Prince of Wales and his brother lived at Ludlow Castle.
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Jul
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Richard marries Anne Neville
Richard III married Anne the widow of Edward Prince of Wales who died in 1471 at the Battle of Tewkesbury. Anne was the daughter of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick the 'Kingmaker', and had grown up with Richard III at Middleham Castle when he had been placed their for his education. Marrying Anne gave Richard III rights to the Earl of Warwick's northern estates.
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1473
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Oct
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Marriage agreement between England and Scotland
James III of Scotland agreed that his new born son, James, should marry Edward IV's daughter Cecily. Cecily was only four and the agreement stated that the marriage should wait until both were old enough. Also, if either died before that time, a substitute would be found. This agreement brought peace between Scotland and England until October 1519.
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1474
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Jul
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Treaty of London
Treaty of London between Edward IV and Charles the Bold of Burgundy against France.13
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Selection of references used:
1. John Harvey, English Cathedrals, 1961 2. Hubert Cole, Teh Wars of the Roses, 1973, 0 246 10618 2 3. H.T. Evans, Wales and the Ware of the Roses, ISBN 0-905-778-278 4. John Stewart Collis, Christopher Columbus, 1976 5. Paul Murray Kendall, Richard The Third, ISBN 0 04 942048 8 6. Duc de Castries, The lives of the Kings and Queens of France, 0 297 77676 2 7. Byran Bevan, Henry VII: The First Tudor King 8. Rebecca Stefoff, Ferdinand Magellan, the Discovery of the World Ocean, ISBN 0-7910-1291-3 9. C. W. Oman, Warwick 10. Neville Williams, Henry VII 11. Charles Ross, Edward IV 12. W.H.Hudson, France, The Nation & its Development, MCMXVII 13. Peter Potter, Data Donation 14. T. Francis Bumpus, The Cathedrals of England and Wales, 1934 15. Anthony Cheetham, Life and times of Richard III, 0-297-83167-4 16. C.H.Frith, Cromwell, 1935 17. Charles Oman KBE, Castles
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