| Ruler | Country | Start of Reign | Age at 1090 |
| William II | England | 1087 | 33 | | 1091 Nov | William Rufus renews agreement with Scots  | | 1092 | Tewkesbury Abbey Founded | | 1093 Spring | William Rufus seriously ill | | 1093 Nov 13 | Battle of Alnwick | | 1095 | Robert Mowbray's Rebellion | | 1096 | William buys Normandy | | 1099 | Flambard is made Bishop of Durham |
| | Malcolm III | Scotland | 1058 | ? | | 1091 Nov | William Rufus renews agreement with Scots | | 1093 Nov 13 | Battle of Alnwick | | 1093 Nov 16 | Death of Margaret of Scotland |
| | Donald III | Scotland | 1093 | ? | | Duncan II | Scotland | 1094 | ? | | Donald III | Scotland | 1094 | ? | | Edgar | Scotland | 1097 | ? | | 1093 Nov 13 | Donald Bane becomes king of Scotland | | 1097 | Edgar Macmalcolm becomes king of the Scots | | 1098 | Treaty with Magnus III of Norway |
| | Philip I | France | 1060 | ? |
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The People's Crusade and First Crusade
| 1095 | Mar | The Council of Piacenza | | | | A delegation led by the Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus visited Pope Urban II to raise the problems he was having fighting the Muslims in the East. Pope Urban removed the excommunication that had been placed on the Emperor by Pope Gregory and promised to help. | | Nov 27 | The Council of Clermont | | | | On the last day of the council Pope Urban II preached about the oppression being inflicted on the Christians in the Middle East by the Muslim Seljuks. Christian churches were being destroyed and Christians attacked. The Pope called for the Christians in the West to help. | | 1096 | Qtr 1 | Peter the Hermit's (or People's) Crusade | | | | Following Pope Urban's speech at Clermont Peter the Hermit, a simple man with a powerful ability to move people by his words, started preaching for Christians to help their fellow Christians in the East. He started to gain a large number of followers eager to go to Jerusalem with promises of absolution and freedom from a life of hunger and depravation. His followers were poor, not prepared for the journey and not armed. | | Qtr 2 | Crusaders cause trouble | | | | Peter the Hermit's army of ordinary people was large and it needed feeding. One of the more noble members of the army was Walter Sans Avoir, also known as Walter the Penniless. When the army reached Cologne in April Peter decided to halt the army to take advantage of the good supply of food. Walter was impatient and with a small section of the army continued on. They passed through Hunrgary but at the town of Semlin a dispute broke out when some of his men stole food. When his men were refused food at Belgrade because the harvest had not yet been gathered Walter's army began pillaging the surrounding area. Finally Alexius Comnenus sent supplies and an escort to guard the Crusaders as they marched to Constantiople. The guard ensured that the Crusaders didn't cause any more trouble. | | Jul | Peter reaches Byzantium | | | | At Constantinople the Emperor Alexius welcomed Peter's army but there were too many people and no provision had been made for them. There was a general lack of discipline that resulted in repeated attacks and thefts from surrounding villages. Alexius warned Peter to wait for better trained troops to arrive before moving on but the pressure of the army was so great on Constantinople that they were forced to move before help could arrive. | | Aug | The People's Crusades cross the Bosperus | | | | The People's Crusaders were shipped across the Bosperus to a disused army base at Civetot. From there they attacked the surrounding areas but they had little affect. | | Oct | Raymond starts his crusade | | | | While the People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit was being crushed in the Holy Land, preparations for the First Crusade carried on in Europe. Those leaders involved were Raymond of Toulouse, Hughes Count of Vermandois, Robert Count of Flanders, Robert Duke of Normandy and Etienne Count of Blois. The leaders arranged to meet at Constantinople and set off taking different routes. Some followed the path across Europe taken by Peter the Hermit, while others took a more southerly routes via the Alps and the Adriatic. | | Oct 21 | The People's Crusaders massacred | | | | The Turks attacked the People's Crusades in their base at Civetot and ended their Crusade. | | 1097 | Apr | Crusaders reach Constantinople | | | | When the crusaders arrived at Constantinople they were greeted by Emperor Alexius. The Emperor was happy for the crusaders to capture areas of the Holy Land but he wanted the land to be under his control. Alexius persuaded the Leaders of the cruaders to swear an oath of allegiance to him and to hand over the land they captured. They could however be allowed to live on and rule that land but not own it. | | May | Siege of Nicaea | | | | The Crusaders began their campaign with a siege of the city of Nicaea. Before the Crusaders stormed the city, the Turks surrendered. They did not surrender to the Crusaders but to the Emperor instead. This infuriated the Crusaders who were expecting a large haul of treasure from the city. | | Oct | The Crusaders reach Antioch | | | | In October of 1097 the Crusaders had reached Antoch. The march had been long and difficult and many had died or deserted due to starvation, diseases and the very wet weather. At once they laid siege to the city. The Turks in the city were prepared and waited to be rescued. | | 1098 | Jun 3 | Antoch falls to the Crusaders | | | | The siege of Antioch was ended not by force but by betrayal. A hand full of Crusaders climbed a ladder into the city and simply opened the gates from the inside. The hoard of the Christian army surged into the city killing anyone or anything in their way. The destruction was brutal and no mercy was shown. As soon as the Crusaders were in the city the situation changed. Outside a Moslem army arrived and in turn besieged the city. Some Crusaders managed to escape over the walls and flee but the majority were trapped without food in the city. | | Jun 28 | The Crusaders escape Antioch | | | | Spurred on by the find of the Spear of Longinus, the spear that was supposed to have pierced Jesus on the cross, the Crusaders emerged from the city of Antioch to face the Moslems. The Moslems were defeated many being killed and many fleeing. | | 1099 | Jun | The Crusaders reach Jerusalem | | | | A year after their victory at Antioch the remaining Crusaders finally reached Jerusalem, their goal. | | Jul 15 | Crusaders take Jerusalem | | | | The Crusaders take Jerusalem and Godfrey of Bouillon becomes King of Jerusalem. | | Aug 12 | Battle of Ascalon | | | | The last battle of the First Crusade was fought between the Christians and Muslims at Ascalon. Led by Godfrey of Bouillon, the king of Jerusalem, the heavily out-numbered Christian army used their heavy armour to good affect. The Muslim army consisted mainly of Egyptions intent of driving the Christians out of Jerusalem. |
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| People who played important roles in this time period |
Anselm (Archbishop of Canterbury 1093-1109)
Anselm was born in the alpine village of Aosta in the Italian Alps and was the son of a wealthy nobleman. Anselm became a pupil at the Abbey of Bec in Normandy and studied under Lanfranc. In 1078 Anselm replaced Herluin as the Abbot of Bec when Herluin died. In 1093 Anselm was invited to become Arch (more...)
Donald (III, Scottish King 1094-1097)
Domnall mac Donnchada, or Donald in English was the younger brother of Malcolm III and became king of the Scots in early 1094 after Malcolm was killed at the Battle of Alnwick in November 1093. Malcolm had nominated his sons at heirs to the Scottish throne and not Donald, his brother, which was norm (more...)
Margaret (St. Margaret of Scotland)
Sister of Edgar the Aetheling and married to Malcolm III, King of Scotland. Edgar had rebelled against William the Conqueror and had been forced to find safety at the court of Malcolm III, King of the Scots. Margaret had accompanied Edgar to Scotland. Malcolm was happy to assist Edgar and other Lord (more...)
Duncan (II, Scottish King 1094)
Duncan was the eldest son of Malcolm III, King of the Scots and Ingibjorg, his wirst wife. Duncan, with the help of Norman knights, attacked and exiled Donald III and became King of Scotland in May 1094. His reign only lasted until November 1094 when he was killed.
Wulfstan (Bishop of Worcester)
Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester undertook large scale rebuilding work, including Worcester Cathedral, Hereford Cathedral, (Tewkesbury Abbey?), Great Malvern Priory and many other churches in the Worcester, Hereford and Gloucester area.Wulfstan was a native of the Worcester area and managed to retai (more...)
Urban (II, Pope)
Born in Chatillon-sur-Marne to a noble French family. Urban became a monk at Cluny and before the age of forty, became the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia. In 1088 he was made Pope. The German Emperor, Henry IV had asserted his power over the Papacy after the death of an earlier Pope, Gregory VII. Urban ha (more...)
Robert (II, Duke of Normandy 1087-1106)
First son of William the Conqueror.
Godfrey (of Bouillon)
Godfrey de Bouillon was the second son of Eustace II, the Norman Count of Boulogne. Godfrey was chosen as the ruler of Jerusalem in 1099 after the crusaders of the First Crusade took control of the city. Godfrey refused to wear a golden crown in Jerusalem where his Saviour had only worn a crown of t (more...)
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| Battles that took place in this time period |
1093 Nov 13 - Battle of Alnwick
Malcolm III, the king of Scotland, and his son Edward were both killed at the battle of Alnwick in Northumberland. Malcolm had invaded England after William II had made moves to take more control over Cumbria and had fortified Carlisle.
1099 Aug 12 - Battle of Ascalon
The last battle of the First Crusade was fought between the Christians and Muslims at Ascalon. Led by Godfrey of Bouillon, the king of Jerusalem, the heavily out-numbered Christian army used their heavy armour to good affect. The Muslim army consisted mainly of Egyptions intent of driving the Christians out of Jerusalem.
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| Building work undertaken in this time period |
Caernarvon Castle 1090
The first castle to be built at Caernarvon was constructed by Hugh of Avranches in about 1090. He built a wooden motte and bailey castle.
Pembroke Castle 1090
A motte and bailey castle was built at Pembroke by Arnulf of Montgomery.
Lancaster Castle 1090
Construction of keep at Lancaster Castle by Roger of Poitou.
Colchester Castle 1091
Once the threat from invasion had reduced, the castle was passed into the control of Eudo de Rie, who held the position of high steward.
Carlisle Cathedral 1092 - 1123
Work began on the nave and the southern transept.
Tewkesbury Abbey 1092
Robert FitzHamon, the cousin of William Rufus, together with Abbot Giraldus, founded the present Abbey at Tewkesbury.
Durham Cathedral 1093
Durham Cathedral was the first building in Western Europe with ribbed vaulting in the ceiling.
Canterbury Cathedral 1096 - 1107
Canterbury Choir, East Transepts and Crypt building work.
Alnwick Castle 1096
Building work on Alnwick castle began.
Norwich Cathedral 1096
Work starts on Norwich Cathedral.
Durham Cathedral 1099 - 1128
Construction of the nave at Durham Cathedral began in 1099 and lasted until 1128.
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